Table 1. Different Nanocomposites That Upregulate the Activities of Key Bone Biomarkers and Their Dependence on nHAa.
| nanocomposite | method of fabrication | cells | bone-related biomakers | condition | dependence on nHA | average particle size | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| poly(e-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)/chitosan/nHA | electrospinning | human dental pulp stem cells | Runx2; BMP2; DSPP; BGLAP | in vitro | particle size | 190–260 nm | (40) |
| poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/nHA | melt-blending method | human mesenhcymal stem cells | Runx2; OPN; OCN; BMP-2; Col I | in vitro and in vivo | particle size | 20–40 nm | (41) |
| Fe/nHA | 3D printing | rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell | OCN; ALP; BMP-2 | in vitro | combinatorial ratio of coated nHA | agglomerated nanorods | (42) |
a
Keys: N/A: No data to support theme; Runx 2 (runt-related transcription factor 2); ALP (alkaline phosphatase); BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2); Col I (collagen I); DSPP (dentin sialophosphoprotein); BGLAP (bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein); osteonectin (OCN); osteopontin (OPN).