. 2019 Dec 12;8(4):263. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics8040263

Table 2.

Quality assessment of survey studies.

N	Criteria	Reviewer (R)	Rizvi et al., 2018	Khan et al., 2016	Erku et al., 2016	Pawluk et al., 2015	Avent et al., 2018	Sarwar et al., 2018	Wilcock et al., 2017	Rehman et al., 2018	Hancock et al., 2016	Lee et al., 2017
1	Was there a clearly defined research question?	R1	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
1	Was there a clearly defined research question?	R2	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
2	Did the authors select samples that well represent the population to be studied?	R1	✓	✓	✓	x	x	✓	x	x	✓	x
2		R2	✓	✓	✓	x	?	✓	x	x	✓	x
3	Did the authors use designs that balance costs with errors?	R1	?	x	?	x	?	?	x	?	?	?
3	Did the authors use designs that balance costs with errors?	R2	?	x	x	x	?	?	x	?	?	?
4	Did the authors describe the research instrument?	R1	✓	✓	✓	x	x	✓	x	✓	✓	✓
4	Did the authors describe the research instrument?	R2	✓	✓	✓	?	x	✓	x	✓	✓	?
5	Was the instrument pretested?	R1	✓	✓	✓	✓	x	✓	x	✓	?	x
5	Was the instrument pretested?	R2	✓	✓	✓	✓	x	✓	?	✓	?	?
6	Were quality control measures described?	R1	✓	?	✓	x	?	✓	x	✓	✓	x
6	Were quality control measures described?	R2	✓	?	✓	x	x	✓	x	?	✓	?
7	Was the response rate sufficient to enable generalizing the results to the target population?	R1	✓	✓	✓	x	?	✓	x	x	x	x
7		R2	✓	✓	✓	x	x	✓	x	x	x	x
8	Were the statistical, analytic, and reporting techniques appropriate to the data collected?	R1	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	x	✓	✓
8		R2	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	x	x	?	✓
9	Was evidence of ethical treatment of human subjects provided?	R1	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
9		R2	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
10	Were the authors transparent to ensure evaluation and replication?	R1	✓	✓	✓	x	x	✓	x	✓	x	x
10		R2	✓	✓	?	x	x	✓	x	✓	?	x
Quality of survey studies			H	H	H	L	L	H	L	M	M	L

H = high quality; M = medium quality; L = low quality; ? = unclear; x = no; ✓ = yes. Scoring: high quality (score ≥ 8), medium quality (5 ≤ score < 8) and low quality (score < 5).