Table 3.
Participant clinical characteristics prior to and at study entry
| Clinical characteristic | Total N | Current n (%) | Lifetime n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mental disorders | |||
| Any mental disorder | 101 | 100 (99.0%) | 101 (100%) |
| Psychosis | 101 | 61 (60.4%) | 71 (70.3%) |
| Schizophrenia or schizoaffective | 28 (27.7%) | 28 (27.7%) | |
| Substance-induced psychosis | 21 (20.8%) | 31 (30.7%) | |
| Mood disorder | 101 | 28 (27.7%) | 55 (54.5%) |
| Major depressive disorder | 6 (5.9%) | 28 (27.7%) | |
| Bipolar disorder I | 9 (8.9%) | 12 (11.9%) | |
| Bipolar disorder II | 9 (8.9%) | 9 (8.9%) | |
| Anxiety disorder | 101 | 42 (41.6%) | 38 (37.6%) |
| Phobia (any) | 101 | 26 (25.7%) | 24 (23.8%) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 101 | 16 (15.8%) | 16 (15.8%) |
| Panic disorder | 101 | 13 (12.9%) | 22 (21.8%) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 101 | 16 (15.8%) | 16 (15.8%) |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 101 | 3 (3.0%) | 3 (3.0%) |
| Eating disorder | 101 | 2 (2.0%) | 5 (5.0%) |
| Cognitive impairment disorder | 101 | 10 (9.9%) | 10 (9.9%) |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 101 | 7 (6.9%) | 12 (11.9%) |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | 101 | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (1.0%) |
| Any substance dependence* | 101 | 90 (89.1%) | 93 (92.1%) |
| Alcohol dependence | 101 | 19 (18.8%) | 39 (38.6%) |
| Stimulant dependence | 101 | 58 (57.4%) | 72 (71.2%) |
| Cocaine dependence | 19 (18.8%) | 47 (46.5%) | |
| Methamphetamine dependence | 44 (43.6%) | 52 (51.5%) | |
| Opioid dependence | 101 | 32 (31.7%) | 42 (41.6%) |
| Heroin dependence | 31 (31.0%) | 41 (40.6%) | |
| Other opioid dependence | 13 (13.0%) | 32 (32.0%) | |
| Cannabis dependence | 101 | 60 (59.4%) | 66 (65.3%) |
| Neurological illness | |||
| Movement disordera | 84 | 12 (14.3%) | |
| Parkinsonism, moderate or greater | 84 | 2 (2.4%) | – |
| Dyskinesia, moderate or greater | 84 | 6 (7.1%) | – |
| Dystonia, moderate or greater | 84 | 0 (0.0%) | – |
| Akathisia, moderate or greater | 85 | 9 (10.6%) | – |
| History of serious head injury | 98 | 54 (55.1%) | – |
| Traumatic brain injury (definite)b | 99 | 1 (1.0%) | – |
| Seizures in past year and/or current treatmentc | 99 | 11 (11.1%) | – |
| Brain infarction on MRI | 71 | 2 (2.8%) | – |
| Aneurysm on MR angiogram | 71 | 1 (1.4%) | – |
| Other neurological illnessd | 101 | 1 (1.0%) | – |
| Infectious disease | |||
| Anti-HIV antibody positive | 71 | 2 (2.8%) | – |
| Anti-HCV antibody positive | 73 | 23 (31.5%) | – |
| HCV viremia (qPCR) present | 17 | 10 (58.8%) | |
| Anti-HBV core antibody positive | 74 | 4 (5.4%) | – |
| HBV surface antigen positive | 74 | 1 (1.4%) | – |
| Mental health care utilization in 30 days prior to study entry | |||
| Unmet mental health care needs | 92 | 27 (29.3%) | – |
| Any mental health care | 93 | 66 (71.0%) | – |
| Professional seen | 93 | – | |
| Psychiatrist | 35 (37.6%) | – | |
| Family physician | 24 (25.8%) | – | |
| Other medical doctor | 1 (1.1%) | – | |
| Psychologist | 1 (1.1%) | – | |
| Nurse | 24 (25.8%) | – | |
| Social worker, counselor, or psychotherapist | 28 (30.1%) | – | |
| Other professional | 6 (6.5%) | – | |
| No professional care | 25 (26.9%) | – | |
| Number of professionals providing mental health support | 81 | 1 (0–2) | – |
| Hospitalized overnight for issues related to mental health and/or substance use | 93 | 10 (10.7%) | – |
| Detained overnight in jail for issues related to mental health and/or substance use | 92 | 9 (9.8%) | – |
| Functioning | |||
| RFS | 97 | 13.0 (11.0–14.0) | – |
| Work productivity | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | – | |
| Independent living/self-care | 4.0 (3.0–4.0) | – | |
| Immediate social network relationships | 4.0 (4.0–5.0) | – | |
| Extended social network relationships | 3.0 (3.0–4.0) | – | |
| Marked limitation in at least 1 domain | 78 (80.4%) | – | |
| SOFAS | 97 | 40.0 (35.0–45.0) | – |
| Unemployment attributed to illness or disability | 100 | 58 (58.0%) | – |
| Multimorbidity | |||
| Number of multimorbid illnessese | 101 | 2 (1–3) | – |
*Excluding nicotine
aData indicate parkinsonism, dyskinesia, or akathisia symptoms representing a score of moderate or greater on the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale or the Barnes Akathisia Scale
bData are for participants with evidence of previous traumatic brain injury (TBI) on MRI, or history of TBI (loss of consciousness ≥ 5 min or confusion ≥ 1 day) and persistent symptoms referable to TBI, including seizures or organic personality disorder
cMedical Review Questionnaire—either reported ever having seizures, fits or epilepsy, or ever being treated for epilepsy
dUnknown genetic syndrome with sensory-neural deafness
e12 illnesses, including stimulant dependence, alcohol dependence, opioid dependence, psychosis, movement disorder, cognitive disorder, brain infarction, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorder, HCV-positive qPCR, anti-HIV positive, anti-HBV positive