Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for all variables in the study (weighted)
| Foreign-born | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper-GNP | Lower-GNP | ||||
| Canadian | Primary migrants | Secondary migrants | Primary migrants | Secondary migrants | |
| Proportion/mean (SD) | Proportion/mean (SD) | Proportion/mean (SD) | Proportion/mean (SD) | Proportion/mean (SD) | |
| N = 1496 | N = 102 | N = 35 | N = 171 | N = 79 | |
| Variables | |||||
| Psychological distress | 11.51 (8.40) | 11.74 (12.29) | 8.19 (7.32) | 9.34 (12.18)*,** | 12.39 (13.44) |
| Mastery | 27.84 (3.70) | 26.12 (5.28)* | 27.13 (3.80) | 26.14 (5.93)* | 25.73 (6.66)* |
| Female (vs. male) | 0.50 | 0.62* | 0.68 | 0.57*,** | 0.32* |
| Age | 42.81 (8.59) | 46.65 (13.03)* | 50.25 (10.37)* | 44.77 (12.49)* | 46.44 (12.42)* |
| Number of traumatic life events | 2.70 (1.70) | 2.49 (2.68) | 2.35 (1.69) | 2.14 (2.33)* | 2.54 (2.18) |
| Marital status (vs. other): | |||||
| Married or common-law | 0.56 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 0.73* | 0.87* |
| Number of children in household: | |||||
| Under the age of 18 years | 0.64 (0.76) | 0.76 (1.29) | 0.58 (0.92) | 1.10 (1.48)* | 0.92 (1.55)* |
| Ethnic/cultural identification: | |||||
| Arab or West Asian | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.02*,** | 0.14* |
| African | 0.00 | 0.03* | 0.00 | 0.07* | 0.17* |
| Caribbean | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.17*,** | 0.03* |
| East Asian | 0.01 | 0.09* | 0.11* | 0.37* | 0.23* |
| European | 0.17 | 0.30* | 0.36* | 0.09 | 0.18 |
| Latin American | 0.01 | 0.08* | 0.03* | 0.07* | 0.05* |
| South Asian | 0.03 | 0.16* | 0.04 | 0.14* | 0.16* |
| North American/Canadian (ref) | 0.71 | 0.22* | 0.33* | 0.07* | 0.03* |
| Length of residence in Canada | – | 19.98 (15.63) | 18.96 (14.15) | 15.75 (13.23)** | 11.62 (11.65) |
| Number of intermediary countries of residence pre-migration | – | – | 1.28 (0.61) | – | 1.38 (0.87) |
| Length of residence in intermediary country/countries | – | – | 4.05 (3.63) | – | 4.26 (4.89) |
| Household income (in 1000s) | 104.45 (75.24) | 74.79 (65.65)*,** | 142.35 (121.40)* | 60.96 (61.05)* | 62.40 (75.74)* |
| Total years of education: | |||||
| Pre-migration (foreign-born only) | – | 13.89 (4.73) | 15.74 (2.86) | 13.89 (4.73)** | 16.53 (4.22) |
| Post-migration (foreign- and native-born) | 16.57 (2.88) | 1.87 (3.28)* | 0.73 (1.36)* | 1.60 (2.96)*,** | 0.78 (2.34)* |
| Employed (vs. unemployed) | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.63 | 0.73 |
| Limited English-speaking ability (vs. proficient) | 0.01 | 0.07* | 0.02 | 0.12*,** | 0.04* |
| Pre-migration employment tenure | – | 6.36 (6.85) | 8.78 (6.22) | 7.91 (9.22)** | 10.86 (9.90) |
| Immigrant entrance class (vs. all others) | |||||
| Landed immigrant | – | 0.55 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.70 |
| Work visa | – | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
Significant mean/proportional differences between GNP/mode of migration subgroups are based on ANOVA (Bonferroni post hoc) and chi-square tests, respectively. Proportions presented for categorical variables and means (SD) presented for continuous variables
*Significantly different from the Canadian-born p < 0.05 (two-tailed test); **significantly different from secondary immigrants of the same origin country GNP p < 0.05 (two-tailed test)