Table 3.

The adjusted effect of primary/secondary immigration by GNP on mastery

	Mastery (N = 1883) Adjusted model
	b (95% CI)
GNP by migration type
Upper-GNPa
Primary	− 0.46	(− 2.23, 1.30)
Secondary	− 2.08	(− 4.65, 0.49)
Lower-GNPa
Primary	− 0.77	(− 2.60, 1.05)
Secondary	− 3.84 ***,b	(− 6.17, − 1.49)

This model is adjusted for all study controls presented in Table 1

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 (two-tailed test)

^aCanadian-born is the reference group

^bSignificantly different than primary migrants of the same origin country GNP (based on post hoc tests)