Table 3.
Results from multivariate linear regression models on determinants of ultra-processed food consumption, standardized linear regression coefficients (β and p values). Canadian adults ≥ 18 years (n = 19,363), 2004
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic (R2 = 0.03) | Lifestyle (R2 = 0.04) | Culture (R2 = 0.09) | Environment (R2 = 0.09) | Reporting + measurement (R2 = 0.09) | ||||||
| β | p value | β | p value | β | p value | β | p value | β | p value | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Men | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Women | − 0.04 | 0.007 | − 0.03 | 0.026 | − 0.04 | 0.004 | − 0.04 | 0.005 | − 0.04 | 0.004 |
| Age | ||||||||||
| Continuous | − 0.16 | < 0.001 | − 0.15 | < 0.001 | − 0.14 | < 0.001 | − 0.14 | < 0.001 | − 0.14 | < 0.001 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| < post-secondary graduation | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Post-secondary graduation | − 0.08 | < 0.001 | − 0.07 | < 0.001 | − 0.06 | < 0.001 | − 0.06 | < 0.001 | − 0.06 | < 0.001 |
| Income | ||||||||||
| Lowest | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Lower-middle | 0.02 | 0.495 | 0.02 | 0.378 | 0.02 | 0.267 | 0.02 | 0.277 | 0.02 | 0.313 |
| Upper-middle | 0.03 | 0.219 | 0.04 | 0.104 | 0.02 | 0.337 | 0.02 | 0.346 | 0.02 | 0.376 |
| Highest | 0.01 | 0.689 | 0.03 | 0.325 | − 0.01 | 0.848 | − 0.01 | 0.850 | − 0.01 | 0.822 |
| Not stated | 0.02 | 0.418 | 0.02 | 0.237 | 0.02 | 0.314 | 0.02 | 0.318 | 0.02 | 0.285 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||
| Inactive | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Active | – | – | − 0.04 | 0.006 | − 0.04 | 0.006 | − 0.04 | 0.006 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||
| Non-smoker | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Smoker | – | – | 0.07 | < 0.001 | 0.07 | < 0.001 | 0.07 | < 0.001 | ||
| Immigrant status | ||||||||||
| Non-immigrant | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Immigrant | – | – | – | – | − 0.23 | < 0.001 | − 0.22 | < 0.001 | − 0.22 | < 0.001 |
| Residential area | ||||||||||
| Rural | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Urban | – | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.01 | 0.213 | − 0.01 | 0.298 |
| Reporting group | ||||||||||
| Plausible reporter | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Under-reporter | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.03 | 0.023 |
| Over-reporter | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.02 | 0.084 |
| Measurement type | ||||||||||
| Both values measured | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Both values reported | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.02 | 0.166 |
| One value measured and the other self-reported | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.00 | 0.957 |
Data source: Statistics Canada, CCHS 2.2, Nutrition (Statistics Canada 2008)