Table 4.
Association between ultra-processed food consumption and obesity and overweight outcomes. Results from the multivariate logistic regression models. Canadian adults ≥ 18 years (n = 19,363), 2004
| Outcome | Models | Odds ratioa | 95% confidence interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | Model 1 | Crudeb | 1.06 | 1.03–1.11 |
| Model 2 | Socio-demographicc | 1.07 | 1.05–1.12 | |
| Model 3 | Lifestyled | 1.07 | 1.04–1.12 | |
| Model 4 | Culturee | 1.05 | 1.02–1.10 | |
| Model 5 | Environmentf | 1.05 | 1.02–1.10 | |
| Model 6 | Reporting group + measurement typeg | 1.05 | 1.02–1.10 | |
| Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) | Model 1 | Crudeb | 1.03 | 1.02–1.09 |
| Model 2 | Socio-demographicc | 1.05 | 1.04–1.11 | |
| Model 3 | Lifestyled | 1.05 | 1.04–1.11 | |
| Model 4 | Culturee | 1.04 | 1.02–1.09 | |
| Model 5 | Environmentf | 1.04 | 1.02–1.09 | |
| Model 6 | Reporting group + measurement typeg | 1.03 | 1.02–1.09 | |
Data source: Statistics Canada, CCHS 2.2, Nutrition (Statistics Canada 2008)
aOdds ratio of a 10% increase in relative intake of ultra-processed foods (% of total energy intake)
bModel 1: crude
cModel 2: Model 1 + socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, education and income)
dModel 3: Model 2 + lifestyle habits (physical activity and smoking status)
eModel 4: Model 3 + cultural background (immigrant status)
fModel 5: Model 4 + environment (residential area)
gModel 6: Model 5 + reporting group + measurement type (reporting group: under-reporter, plausible reporter, over-reporter; measurement type: height and weight measured, height and weight reported, one value measured and the other self-reported).