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. 2020 Jan 9;10:2955. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02955

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Copyright © 2020 Penas, Carta, Cevey, Rada, Pieralisi, Ferlin, Sales, Mirkin and Goren.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of the pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory actions of HP₂₄ in T. cruzi-infected macrophages. Treatment of T. cruzi-infected macrophages with HP₂₄ exerts pro-angiogenic effects, increasing the expression of eNOS and of VEGF-A. This effect depends on both PPARγ and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Besides, HP₂₄ avoids activation of NF-κB, thereby preventing iNOS expression, NO release, and H₂O₂ production. This anti-inflammatory effect occurs in a PPARγ-dependent manner.