Table 1.
Comparison of clinical characteristics among different groups.
| Clinical measurement | Normal control (NC group, n = 40) | Diabetes without macroangiopathy (NM group, n = 90) | Diabetes with macroangiopathy (MA group, n = 83) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 50.98 ± 13.83 | 53.81 ± 11.87 | 54.49 ± 8.37 | 0.247 |
| Male, n (%) | 18 (45.0) | 44 (48.9) | 38 (45.8) | 0.886 |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | 13 (32.5) | 34 (37.8) | 33 (39.8) | 0.737 |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | 25 (62.5) | 60 (66.7) | 55 (66.3) | 0.891 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.04 ± 2.95 | 24.31 ± 2.85∗ | 24.61 ± 3.23∗ | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (y) | — | 5 (1, 8.5) | 8 (4.33, 14)# | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 117.25 ± 7.90 | 130.60 ± 4.39∗ | 159.70 ± 14.23∗# | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.70 ± 6.53 | 81.99 ± 4.09∗ | 90.24 ± 9.48∗# | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.33 ± 0.56 | 9.13 ± 2.45∗ | 10.20 ± 2.74∗# | <0.001 |
| PPG (mmol/L) | 6.34 ± 0.67 | 14.49 ± 3.63∗ | 15.85 ± 4.08∗# | <0.001 |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.50 ± 0.63 | 8.67 ± 1.61∗ | 8.83 ± 1.73∗ | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.36 ± 0.73 | 4.94 ± 1.13∗ | 5.13 ± 0.94∗ | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.31 ± 0.78 | 1.57 ± 0.76 | 1.74 ± 0.99∗ | 0.036 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.32 ± 0.39 | 1.14 ± 0.26∗ | 1.09 ± 0.29∗ | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.93 ± 0.87 | 3.14 ± 0.88 | 3.44 ± 0.92∗# | 0.008 |
| UA (mmol/L) | 309.68 ± 92.27 | 343.85 ± 73.26∗ | 386.96 ± 90.07∗# | <0.001 |
| Fg (g/L) | 3.06 ± 0.94 | 3.53 ± 0.87∗ | 4.02 ± 1.02∗# | <0.001 |
| Fins (μU/mL) | 35.73 ± 7.83 | 72.90 ± 14.89∗ | 155.16 ± 41.30∗# | <0.001 |
| HOMA2-IR | 0.67 ± 0.14 | 1.53 ± 0.31∗ | 3.33 ± 0.78∗# | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.92 (0.74, 2.14) | 2.14 (1.00, 3.83)∗ | 4.02 (2.14, 5.75)∗# | <0.001 |
| D-IMT (cm) | 0.0276 ± 0.0099 | 0.0538 ± 0.0075∗ | 0.1135 ± 0.0222∗# | <0.001 |
∗Significantly different from the NC group. #Significantly different from the NM group. BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; PPG: postprandial 2 hours blood glucose; HbA1C: glycosylated hemoglobin; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA: uric acid; Fg: fibrinogen; Fins: fasting insulin; HOMA2-IR: homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; D-IMT: intima media thickness of the dorsalis pedis artery. Measurement data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (with interquartile ranges).