Neuron-derived exosome (NDE) levels of putatively proteinopathic cargo proteins in cross-sectional control, cognitive impairment (CI) with no history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), TBI without (w/o) CI, and TBI with (w) CI groups. Each point represents the value for one participant, and the horizontal line in point clusters is the mean level for that group. Mean ± standard error of the mean for control w/o TBI, CI w/o TBI, TBI w/o CI, and TBI w CI, respectively, are 85.2 ± 6.67 pg/mL, 156 ± 17.3 pg/mL, 63.5 ± 6.70 pg/mL, and 173 ± 14.6 pg/mL for P-T181-tau (A), 93.5 ± 10.0 pg/mL, 97.7 ± 12.4 pg/mL, 44.7 ± 3.92 pg/mL, and 151 ± 15.4 pg/mL for P-S396-tau (B), 7.49 ± 1.16 pg/mL, 31.5 ± 6.64 pg/mL, 11.3 ± 1.83 pg/mL, and 57.5 ± 12.1 pg/mL for Aβ42 (C), and 44.2 ± 8.54 pg/mL, 59.7 ± 8.21 pg/mL, 43.2 ± 11.2 pg/mL and 117 ± 22.2 pg/mL for IL-6 (D). The significance of differences shown between values for controls and CI w/o TBI subjects and between values for TBI w/o CI and TBI with CI subjects, respectively, were calculated by an unpaired Student t test; *p < 0.01, **p < 0.001.