Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2020 Jan 16;11:301. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14269-w

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 4 — a Heatmap showing enrichment of disease-associated GREs deregulated in ASD and AD patient brains correlating with hominin-specific changes found in cerebellum (CB) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Color indicates odds ratio of enrichment compared to all identified GREs. P values were determined using a Fisher’s exact test. b Chip-seq track showing rpm normalized H3K27ac enrichment across regions containing the CAMK2A (left panel) and DNMT3A (right panel) gene in human PFC. Hominin-specific PFC gains are highlighted in green. Chromosomal interactions are indicated by the boxes below the panel. c ChIP-seq tracks as in (a), for the DNMT3A gene in human PFC and different isolated cell types. A hominin-specific PFC gain is highlighted in green. PFC prefrontal cortex, Olig oligodendrocytes, Glut glutamatergic neurons, Gaba GABAergic neurons, Astr astrocytes, Micgl microglia. d ChIP-seq tracks as in (b) for a region containing the c-MET gene in human PFC and different isolated cell types. Two hominin-specific PFC gains are highlighted in green. e Correlation of H3K27ac enrichment in the 5′ and 3′ GRE with expression of the c-MET gene in autism patients. Black dots represent samples, blue line represents linear regression through the samples, gray area highlights the 95% confidence interval. f As in (e), correlation of H3K27ac enrichment on the 5′ and 3′ GRE with H3K27ac enrichment on the promoter. Dots represent the different samples, colors indicate species. g 4C-seq and rpkm normalized H3K27ac ChIP-seq tracks of human white matter in a region containing the c-MET gene. The c-MET-promoter was used as viewpoint for the 4C analysis. The green highlighted areas indicate the location of hominin-specific PFC gains as shown in (d). h Bar plot showing the cell-type specificity of regions based on single-cell ATAC-Seq data, on regions identified in ASD patients and control brains, regions specifically downregulated in ASD patients and those that are down in ASD as well as hominin-specific gain in PFC. Difference in oligodendrocyte-specific frequency was calculated using a Fisher’s exact test. Source data are provided in Source Data file.