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. 2020 Jan 16;10:499. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-57478-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of enriched citrulline fermented milk with L. helveticus ASCC 511 on IPEC-J2 cell integrity. (A) Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in IPEC-J2 cells treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and enriched citrulline fermented milk with L. helveticus ASCC 511 for 48 h (n = 3). Results are represented as mean ± SEM. Significance shown for the time × treatment as **P < 0.001 by Two-way RM ANOVA and *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 as the difference compared with control and ^##P < 0.01 and ^###P < 0.001 as the difference of LPS + 5% LHFM_Cit-4mM compared with LPS at the same time point by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (B–D) mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (n = 3): (B) Zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1), (C) Occludin and (D) Claudin-1 in IPEC-J2 cells after incubated with LPS and enriched citrulline fermented milk with L. helveticus ASCC 511 after 24 h. (E) Representative charts of Western blot results; and densitometric analysis was performed and normalized to β-actin (n = 6): (F) ZO-1; (G) occludin; (H) Claudin. Results are represented as mean ± SEM. Significance shown for the difference compared between treatments as **P < 0.001 by One-way ANOVA and *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001 and ***P < 0.0001 as the difference compared between groups by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.