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. 2020 Jan 10;10:2920. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02920

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Copyright © 2020 Lv, Wang, Feng, Heeney, Liu and Lu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Induction of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) Campylobacter jejuni F38011 (A), ATCC 33560 (B), NCTC 11168 (C) and 81-116 (D) under osmotic pressure in 7% (w/v) NaCl solution. Red circles (⚫) represent the viable cell counts quantified using PMA with real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), while black squares (■) represent culturable cell counts determined using the plating assay. The difference between viable cells and culturable cells was considered as VBNC bacterial cells. The error bar was calculated based upon three replicates.