Table 1.

Multi-level factors influencing HIV screening among FB Black men with HIV risk behaviors.

Individual			Community		Policy
• Fear of social consequences of an HIV diagnosis/loss of confidentiality (e.g., discrimination) • Lack of familiarity with US health care system • Distrust of the medical care system and government • Low perception of personal HIV risk and inadequate knowledge about HIV transmission and testing			• High HIV-associated stigma • Prejudice/stereotypes toward PLWH and groups with HIV risk behaviors • Normative distrust in the medical care system • Available testing venues are not advertised/communicated, especially in Creole or languages other than Spanish • Low normative expectations of HIV screening/Gender normative expectations regarding screening • Clinics are female spaces • Real men don't go to doctors		• No HIV testing at US points of entry • No access to Medicaid for 5 years after immigration • Lengthy immigration process • HIV criminalization laws and fears of deportation • Low access to free and confidential/anonymous testing in venues where FB Black men are likely to interface • Few health promotion opportunities emphasize the importance of HIV screening
Health outcomes associated with improved screening		Greater likelihood of viralsuppression; less risk behavior;improved quality and length of life		Decreased risk of HIV transmissionto partners		Lower community viralload/proportion withsuppressed viral load

^*Adapted from the NIMHD Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework (68).