Table 2.

Purification approaches of hPSC-CMs.

Procedure	Key advances or drawbacks	Refs
Introduce CM-specific fluorescent reporters or drug selectable elements, combined with FACS or drug selection.	Genomic insertion of reporter constructs leads to genetically modified CMs, limiting their utility for clinical applications	2007, Huber et al. 2007, Anderson et al. 2011, Ritner et al. [[33], [34], [35]]
Percoll gradient centrifuge capitalized on the specific density of CMs.	Maximal CM purity was only 53%.	2002, Xu et al. 2007, Laflamme et al. 2011, Tulloch et al. [25,29,36]
FACS based on CM-specific surface markers like SIRPA or VCAM1.	Able to separate live CMs from non-CMs.	2011, Dubois et al. 2011, Uosaki et al. [37,38]
FACS based on fluorescent molecular beacons for MHC1-mRNA.	Identify up to 99% functional CMs.	2013, Kiwon et al. [39]
Fluorescent mitochondrial dye TMRM	Reaction with undifferentiated hPSCs and failure to detect most immature CMs restrict its sensitivity and specificity.	2011, Uosaki et al. 2009, Hattori et al. [38,40]
Metabolic flow screening based on glucose and lactate metabolism of CMs and non-CMs.	Enable non-genetical large-scale CM purification to up to 99% purity.	2013, Tohyama et al. [41]