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. 2020 Jan 16;10:458. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56872-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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XPS results for BaSO₄ after flow-through testing in pH 4.5 PSF for 72 h. (A) Photoelectron energy line for Ba (3 days). (B) Photoelectron energy line for S (2p). The spectra can be fitted quantitatively with the benchmark chemical shifts of BaSO₄. The elemental composition (Fig. S4) confirms a ratio Ba:S of 1:1.023, all consistent with an identification of the transformation product as BaSO₄. Data was acquired and averaged on N = 5 measurements.