Table 1.
Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate logistic regression and PAR of ESBL-E in dogs
| Variable | ESBL-E negative n=496 (89.4%) | ESBL-E positive n=59 (10.6%) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | PAR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | |||||
| 0–5 | 227 (47.2) | 26 (44.1) | |||
| >5 | 254 (52.8) | 33 (55.9) | |||
| Season | |||||
| autumn | 164 (33.4) | 18 (30.5) | ref. | ||
| spring | 130 (26.5) | 19 (32.2) | 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | ||
| summer | 93 (18.9) | 12 (20.3) | 1.2 (0.5–2.6) | ||
| winter | 104 (21.2) | 10 (16.9) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | ||
| Number of dogs in the household | |||||
| 1 | 377 (78.1) | 40 (67.8) | |||
| >1 | 106 (21.9) | 19 (32.2) | |||
| Gender | |||||
| female | 245 (51.0) | 29 (49.2) | |||
| male | 235 (49.0) | 30 (50.8) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | ||
| Dog breed | |||||
| crossbred | 166 (36.4) | 15 (26.8) | |||
| purebred | 290 (63.6) | 41 (73.2) | |||
| Contact with other dogs | |||||
| no | 236 (50.3) | 25 (43.9) | |||
| yes | 233 (49.7) | 32 (56.1) | |||
| Stayed in kennel in past 12 months | |||||
| no | 389 (81.4) | 51 (86.4) | |||
| yes | 89 (18.6) | 8 (13.6) | |||
| Abroad in the past 12 months | |||||
| no | 397 (82.4) | 44 (74.6) | |||
| yes | 85 (17.6) | 15 (25.4) | 1.6 (0.8–3.0) | ||
| Walking the dog in dog-walking area | |||||
| no | 363 (75.5) | 40 (67.8) | |||
| yes | 118 (24.5) | 19 (32.2) | |||
| Walking the dog in forest | |||||
| no | 193 (40.1) | 13 (22.0) | |||
| yes | 288 (59.9) | 46 (78.0) | 2.4 (1.2–4.5) | 2.2 (1.1–4.6) | 42.5 (7.1–61.0) |
| Walking the dog in area with livestock | |||||
| no | 437 (90.9) | 50 (84.7) | |||
| yes | 44 (9.1) | 9 (15.3) | |||
| Swimming | |||||
| no | 367 (76.3) | 38 (64.4) | |||
| yes | 114 (23.7) | 21 (35.6) | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) | ||
| Walking the dog without leash | |||||
| ≤50% of time | 278 (57.7) | 32 (54.2) | |||
| >50% of time | 204 (42.3) | 27 (45.8) | |||
| Coprophagy (eating stools) | |||||
| no | 341 (70.9) | 40 (67.8) | |||
| yes | 140 (29.1) | 19 (32.2) | |||
| Fed with dry feed (kibble) | |||||
| no | 26 (5.4) | 15 (25.4) | |||
| yes | 456 (94.6) | 44 (74.6) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 56.5 (33.2–66.6) |
| Fed with wet food | |||||
| no | 390 (80.9) | 46 (78.0) | |||
| yes | 92 (19.1) | 13 (22.0) | |||
| Fed with raw meat | |||||
| no | 438 (90.9) | 28 (47.5) | |||
| yes | 44 (9.1) | 31 (52.5) | 11.0 (6.1–20.1) | 8.8 (4.7–16.4) | 46.5 (41.3–49.3) |
| Hospitalized/consulted vet in the past 12 months | |||||
| no | 158 (32.7) | 12 (20.3) | |||
| yes | 325 (67.3) | 47 (79.7) | 1.9 (1.0–3.7) | ||
| Antimicrobial usage in the past 6 months | |||||
| no | 415 (86.3) | 50 (86.2) | |||
| yes | 66 (13.7) | 8 (13.8) | 1.0 (0.5–2.2) | ||
| Catch prey | |||||
| no | 377 (80.7) | 51 (87.9) | |||
| yes | 90 (19.3) | 7 (12.1) | |||
| Hospitalized/consulted vet in the past 4 weeks | |||||
| no | 348 (81.9) | 35 (66.0) | |||
| yes | 77 (18.1) | 18 (34.0) | 2.3 (1.2–4.3) | 2.0 (1.0–3.9) | 17.0 (0.3–25.3) |
| Stayed in kennel in past 4 weeks | |||||
| no | 396 (93.4) | 46 (86.8) | |||
| yes | 28 (6.6) | 7 (13.2) | |||
| Abroad in the past 4 weeks | |||||
| no | 410 (96.9) | 52 (98.1) | |||
| yes | 13 (3.1) | 1 (1.9) | 0.6 (0.1–4.8) | ||
| Antimicrobial usage in the past 8 weeks | |||||
| no | 393 (92.9) | 49 (92.5) | |||
| yes | 30 (7.1) | 4 (7.5) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) |