Skip to main content
. 2019 Nov 19;31(1):18–30. doi: 10.1177/0956797619879139

Table 1.

Means and Standard Deviations of Medical-School Experiences, Racial Attitudes, and Racial Bias

Category and variable Wave 1 (Year 1) Wave 2 (Year 4) Wave 3 (Residency Year 2)
Medical-school experience
 Quality of contact with Black people 3.27 (0.61)a 3.42 (0.52)b 3.37 (0.48)
 Quantity of contact with Black people 3.04 (0.78)a 3.06 (0.66)b 3.13 (0.60)
 Perceived welcoming racial climate 5.27 (0.93)b 5.15 (0.93)
 Observed role modeling of racial bias 1.74 (0.90)b 1.73 (1.32)
 Hours of diversity training 11.87 (10.03)b 4.98 (6.61)
Racial attitudes and racial bias
 Explicit attitudes toward Blacks 81.05 (19.77) 80.59 (20.44) 77.77 (20.96)
 Explicit attitudes toward Whites 85.74 (17.90) 83.54 (19.33) 81.27 (19.85)
 Pro-White explicit bias 4.69 (12.93) 2.95 (11.89) 3.49 (14.78)
 Pro-White implicit bias 0.48 (0.42) 0.46 (0.43) 0.45 (0.42)

Note: Standard deviations are in parentheses.

a

This variable represents experience before medical school, for use as a covariate. bThis variable represents experience during medical school, for use as a predictor.