Table 1.
Means and Standard Deviations of Medical-School Experiences, Racial Attitudes, and Racial Bias
| Category and variable | Wave 1 (Year 1) | Wave 2 (Year 4) | Wave 3 (Residency Year 2) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Medical-school experience | |||
| Quality of contact with Black people | 3.27 (0.61)a | 3.42 (0.52)b | 3.37 (0.48) |
| Quantity of contact with Black people | 3.04 (0.78)a | 3.06 (0.66)b | 3.13 (0.60) |
| Perceived welcoming racial climate | 5.27 (0.93)b | 5.15 (0.93) | |
| Observed role modeling of racial bias | 1.74 (0.90)b | 1.73 (1.32) | |
| Hours of diversity training | 11.87 (10.03)b | 4.98 (6.61) | |
| Racial attitudes and racial bias | |||
| Explicit attitudes toward Blacks | 81.05 (19.77) | 80.59 (20.44) | 77.77 (20.96) |
| Explicit attitudes toward Whites | 85.74 (17.90) | 83.54 (19.33) | 81.27 (19.85) |
| Pro-White explicit bias | 4.69 (12.93) | 2.95 (11.89) | 3.49 (14.78) |
| Pro-White implicit bias | 0.48 (0.42) | 0.46 (0.43) | 0.45 (0.42) |
Note: Standard deviations are in parentheses.
a
This variable represents experience before medical school, for use as a covariate. bThis variable represents experience during medical school, for use as a predictor.