Table 2.
Bivariate Correlations Among Contact With Black People, Medical-School Experiences, Explicit Attitudes, and Implicit Bias
| Variable | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Wave 1: quantity of contact with Black people | .27*** | .24*** | .13*** | .15*** | .11*** | .01 | .02 | .03 | −.01 | .01 | .03 | .18*** | .08*** | .14*** | .05** | .13*** | .04* | –.08*** | –.08*** | –.10*** |
| 2. Wave 1: quality of contact with Black people | — | .05** | .25*** | .07*** | .23*** | –.09*** | .06** | −.02 | −.03 | .07*** | .05** | .43*** | .22*** | .27*** | .12*** | .23*** | .11*** | –.12*** | –.06** | –.11*** |
| 3. Wave 2: quantity of contact with Black people | — | .19*** | .33*** | .12*** | .04* | .27*** | .17*** | −.02 | .10*** | .03 | .03 | .01 | .09*** | .05* | .07** | .01 | −.01 | –.05** | –.04* | |
| 4. Wave 2: quality of contact with Black people | — | .10*** | .33*** | –.14*** | .26*** | .07*** | –.04* | .19*** | .03 | .23*** | .16*** | .34*** | .23*** | .25*** | .17*** | –.06** | –.09*** | –.10*** | ||
| 5. Wave 3: quantity of contact with Black people | — | .25*** | −.01 | .14*** | .09*** | .06** | .24*** | .10*** | .07*** | .03 | .10*** | .06** | .06** | .02 | .00 | −.01 | .02 | |||
| 6. Wave 3: quality of contact with Black people | — | –.11*** | .21*** | .04* | –.12*** | .35*** | .10*** | .25*** | .15*** | .28*** | .19*** | .37*** | .25*** | –.06** | –.06** | –.07*** | ||||
| 7. Wave 2: role modeling of racial bias | — | –.37*** | .03 | .23*** | –.21*** | .03 | –.04* | .01 | –.10*** | −.04 | –.06** | −.02 | .03 | .05** | .02 | |||||
| 8. Wave 2: welcoming medical-school racial climate | — | .18* * * | –.13* * * | .39** * | .02 | .10** * | .11* * * | .15* * * | .15** * | .12** * | .12** * | .02 | −.03 | .01 | ||||||
| 9. Wave 2: reported hours of diversity training | — | .05* | .09*** | .24*** | .00 | −.01 | .05* | .05* | −.01 | −.02 | .02 | −.03 | .01 | |||||||
| 10. Wave 3: role modeling of racial bias | — | –.26*** | .09*** | –.04* | .01 | –.04* | .01 | –.10*** | –.05** | −.00 | .02 | .01 | ||||||||
| 11. Wave 3: welcoming medical-school racial climate | — | .19*** | .09*** | .08*** | .16*** | .13*** | .19*** | .17*** | −.02 | −.02 | −.01 | |||||||||
| 12. Wave 3: reported hours of diversity training | — | .03 | −.00 | .05* | .04 | .05** | .02 | −.03 | −.01 | –.04* | ||||||||||
| 13. Wave 1: explicit attitudes toward Blacks | — | .77*** | .48*** | .35*** | .38*** | .29*** | –.09*** | –.05** | –.07** | |||||||||||
| 14. Wave 1: explicit attitudes toward Whites | — | .36*** | .43*** | .28*** | .37*** | .02 | .02 | .01 | ||||||||||||
| 15. Wave 2: explicit attitudes toward Blacks | — | .82*** | .48*** | .36*** | –.06*** | –.06*** | –.07*** | |||||||||||||
| 16. Wave 2: explicit attitudes toward Whites | — | .36*** | .43*** | .03 | .02 | .03 | ||||||||||||||
| 17. Wave 3: explicit attitudes toward Blacks | — | .74*** | –.06** | –.06** | –.07*** | |||||||||||||||
| 18. Wave 3: explicit attitudes toward Whites | — | .03 | .02 | .03 | ||||||||||||||||
| 19. Wave 1: pro-White implicit bias | — | .32*** | .33*** | |||||||||||||||||
| 20. Wave 2: pro-White implicit bias | — | .33*** | ||||||||||||||||||
| 21. Wave 3: pro-White implicit bias | — |
Note: Correlations in boldface are statistically significant.
*
p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.