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. 2019 Dec 5;11(12):1946. doi: 10.3390/cancers11121946

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The cancer cell-derived culture supernatant and the exosome-enriched fraction significantly enhance the transendothelial migration of breast cancer cells. (A) A scheme for the preparation of the cell culture supernatant, the exosome-enriched fraction and non-exosome fraction. (B) A schematic diagram of the transendothelial migration assay. (C) The transendothelial migration of breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 after treating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with the culture supernatant, exosome-enriched precipitate or non-exosome supernatant fractions. Scale bar, 100 μm. (D) Quantitative analyses of the migrated MDA-MB-231. Three independent experiments were performed, in which cell numbers in eight photo images were counted. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 by unpaired Student’s t-test.