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. 2019 Nov 29;11(12):1904. doi: 10.3390/cancers11121904

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Genetically altered gallbladder organoids lead to metastasis upon orthotopic implantation. (A) Both s.c. and orthotopically implanted KPP organoids lead to GBCs classified as adenocarcinomas. (B) Orthotopic GBCs presented with a larger stromal compartment as assessed by quantification of the CK19 negative area (54.15% and 62.69%, respectively (n = 9 and n = 7, respectively, p = 0.0421)). (C) Lung metastases were present in 5/10 mice after orthotopic transplantation and in 0/10 mice after s.c. transplantation with KPP organoids. (D) H&E and CK19 staining of lung metastasis. (E) Compared to the parental orthotopic tumors, CK19 negative area as a surrogate for relative stromal content is significantly reduced in lung metastases (62.69% and 38.48% respectively, n = 7 and n = 3, respectively, p = 0.0026).