Table 1.

Description of studies included for systematic review and meta-analysis (n = 46)

Author, country	Study aim	Design	Population	Sampling methods	Sample size	Scale used	Response rate (%)
Ibrahim et al., Nigeria [21]	To determine the socio-demographic and clinical predictors of sub-optimal MA	CS	Schizophrenia & depression patients	SRS	390	MMAS	94.8
Alene et al., Ethiopia [22]	To evaluate MA and associated factors	CS	Schizophrenia patients	Purposive	336	CFR	87.5
Eticha et al., Ethiopia [23]	To investigate factors associated with MA among patients with schizophrenia	CS	Schizophrenia patients	Consecutive	393	MARS	97.5
Kenfe et al., Ethiopia [24]	To assess the magnitude and associated factors of MNA	CS	Psychiatric patients	Consecutive	422	MMAS	100
Hibdye et al., Ethiopia [25]	To assess the prevalence and factors associated with MNA	CS	Bipolar disorders patients	Systematic	410	MMAS	97
Anne et al., USA [26]	To examine the barriers of antidepressant MA	Longitudinal	Depression patients	Multistage	134	Brief interview	90
Hill et al., Ireland [27]	To examined concurrent predictors of MNA	cohort	Psychosis Patients	Restrictive	171	Interview & DAI	NR
Moritz et al., Germany [28]	To investigate attitudes toward psychotic symptoms affect MNA	Cohort	Schizophrenia patients	Restrictive	113	Self-report questions	NR
Mert et al., Turkey [29]	To evaluate factors resulting in MNA	CS	Schizophrenic, depressive patients	Patients receiving treatment	203	SCID-I	NR
Novick et al., Multi-country-European [30]	To explore the relationship between insight and MA	CS	Schizophrenia and bipolar patients	SRS	903	MARS	NR
Hillary, Nigeria [31]	To evaluate the level of patients’ MNA and associated factors	CS	Psychiatric disorders patients	Convenient	200	MMAS	NR
Ibrahim et al., Nigeria [32]	To assessed the prevalence and exclusively X-rayed medication-related factors of MNA	CS	Schizophrenia and bipolar patients	Convenient	358	MMAS	94.2
Dibonaventura et al., USA [33]	To examine the relationship between these variables among community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia	CS	Adults schizophrenia patients	Convenience	876	MMAS	NR
Gurmu et al., Ethiopia [34]	To determine the statistical significance of the association of variables with adherence	CS	Patients who visited psychiatric clinic	Convenience	209	MARS	96.3
Magura et al., USA [35]	To identify predictors of MA among psychiatric patients	CS	Psychiatric disorders patients	Patients fulfilled eligibility criteria	131	MARS	NR
Kikkert et al., 4 European countries [36].	To explore factors influencing MA of schizophrenia patients	qualitative study	Schizophrenia patients	Purposive	91	Qualitative	NA
Teferra et al., Ethiopia [37]	To improve understanding of the underlying reasons for MA	Qualitative study	Schizophrenia patients & caregivers	Purposive	43	FGDs	NR
Sher et al., USA [38]	To evaluate the effects of caregivers’ causal beliefs about depression and their perceptions of stigma on MA	longitudinal study	MDD patients	Multistage	47	Link’s scale	NR
Mohamed et al., USA [39]	To examine the strength of association of measures of both insight and attitudes toward MA	CS	Chronic schizophrenia patients	Purposive	1432	DAI, pill count, ITAQ	NR
Sava, Turkey [40]	To investigate the relationship between treatment adherence and the level of MA	CS	Comprised of euthymic patients	Patients attending their follow-up	147	Self-report question	NR
Sirey, USA [41]	To examine the extent to which perceived stigma affected treatment discontinuation	CS	Psychiatric patients	Multi-stage	92	SCS	NR
Sajatovic, USA [42]	To examined MA among patients with bipolar disorder	Longitudinal	Bipolar patients	All	44,637	MPR	NR
Sajatovic, USA [43]	To examine antipsychotic MA among bipolar disorder	Longitudinal	Bipolar patients	All	73,964	MPR	NR
John, USA [44]	To investigate the factors associated with non-adherence	CS	Bipolar disorder patients	Interactive panel	469	Adapted tool	NR
Iseselo et al., Tanzania [45]	To determine the psychosocial problems of mental illness	Qualitative study	Patients families/care givers	Purposive	14	Interview and FGDs	NR
Olivares, Spain [46]	To evaluate long term treatment outcomes in routine clinical practice	Cohort	Schizophrenia patients	Prospective chart review	1622	GAF score	NR
Charlotte, Sweden [47]	To identify predictors of MNA to antidepressant treatment	CS	MDD patients	SRS	1031	CRF & TDM	NR
Adeponle et al., Nigeria [48]	To assess relationship of family engagement and MA	cohort	Psychiatric patients	Purposive	81	Case Note review	NR
Rashid, Malaysia [49]	To determine the treatment related risk factors with the default of depression treatment	CC	MDD patients	Convenient	148	Self-reported question	86
Roy, India [50]	To examine factors associated with poor drug compliance.	CS	Psychiatric patients	Consecutive	100	Checklist	NR
Omran, Iran [51]	To describe psychiatrists’ attributions on non-compliance	CS	Psychiatric patients	SRS	500	Interview using checklist	NR
Tara et al., Canada [52]	To assess levels of MNA and determinants	CS	Psychiatric patients	SRS	80	Self-report	NR
Banerjee, India [53]	To assess the correlates of MNA to unipolar patients	CS	Psychiatric with depression	Purposive	239	MMAS	97.2
Oliver, Spain [54]	To describe MA among patients with depression	CS	Psychiatric patients with Depression	SRS	212	Medical record	NR
Dave, UK [55]	To assess the patterns, incidence and predictors of therapy discontinuation	Cohort	MDD patients (2006–2008)	SRS	13,927	PHQ	91.2
Mahaye, South Africa [56]	To assess the levels of MA and its associated factors	CS	Psychiatric patients	Convenient	95	MMAS	NR
Sundell, Sweden [57]	To analyze whether socio-economic factors influence early discontinuation	CS	Depression patients	SRS	6536	MARS	NR
Akincigil, [58]	To describe patient and provider level factors associated with treatment adherence.	Cohort	Psychiatric patients	Convenient	4312	pharmacy claims	NR
Fawad, Pakistan [11]	To elucidate predictors of non-adherence	CS	Psychiatric patients	Convenient	128	Adapted question	94.8
Prukkanone et al., Thailand [59]	To quantify the adherence rate to and associated factors	Cohort	Depression patients	Convenient	1058	MPR	NR
Shigemur, Japan [60]	To identify predictors of antidepressant adherence	CS	MDD patients	Online survey	1151	Checklist	NR
Bambouer et al., USA [61].	To examined compliance and faxed alerts to physicians in 2003	Cohort	Psychiatric patients	Purposive	13,128	MMAS	NR
Demyttenaere et al., Belgium [62]	To investigate of compliance in patients with MDD	CS	Mdd	SRS	85	MEMS	NR
Mascha, [63]	To evaluate adherence to antidepressant among depressed patients	Cohort	Depression Patients	Purposive	131	MMAS	NR
Baldessarini et al., USA [64]	To sought risk factors to guide clinical prediction of non-adherence	CS	Bipolar patients	SRS	429	Self-report PRFs	NR
Nega et al., Ethiopia [65]	To assess psychotropic MNA and associated factors	CS	Psychiatric disorder patients	SRS	613	MMAS	92.9

CC case control, CS cross-sectional, CRFs case report forms, FGD focus group discussion, GAF Global Assessment of Functioning score, ITAQ Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire, MA medication adherence, MNA medication non-adherence, MMAS Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, CFR compliant fill rate, MARS Medication Adherence Rating Scale, MEMS Medication Monitoring System, MPR Medication Possession Ratio, NRR no-response rate, PRFs Patient Record Forms, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire, RR response rate, SRS simple random sampling, SCS Stigma Coping Scale, SCID-I Structural Clinical Interview Diagnosis I, TDM therapeutic drug monitoring