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. 2019 Dec 31;8:251. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_476_19

Table 2.

Changes in health literacy and its dimensions among study participants

Variables Mean P* Differences
T2−T1 P** T3−T1 P**
Intervention, mean±SD Control mean±SD Intervention mean±SD Control mean±SD Intervention mean±SD Control mean±SD
Health literacy
 T1 59.1±13.0 61.1±12.9 0.106 6.52±1.0 −0.01±0.34 0.001 7.36±1.0 1.35±0.7 0.001
 T2 65.6±12.4 61.1±12.1
 T3 66.4±14.1 62.5±13.4
 P 0.001 1 0.001 0.22
Self-efficacy
 T1 58.1±17.5 60.7±17.8 0.137 6.73±1.45 −0.42±0.327 0.001 6.25±1.54 3.07±1.01 0.426
 T2 64.9±17.6 60.3±17.4
 T3 64.4±18.7 63.8±18.1
 P 0.001 0.481 0.001 0.009
Access
 T1 61.7±20.4 65.0±20.4 0.06 4.69±1.61 0.52±0.71 0.035 4.48±1.65 0.90±1.18 0.449
 T2 66.4±17.6 65.5±15.6
 T3 66.2±18.1 65.9±19.6
 P 0.012 0.847 0.022 0.83
Reading
 T1 68.7±24.2 70.7±23.0 0.42 2.37±1.89 −0.52±0.41 0.271 1.63±1.93 1.15±1.26 0.968
 T2 71.1±18.8 70.2±22.3
 T3 70.4±20.2 71.9±24.1
 P 0.51 0.50 0.78 0.74
Understand
 T1 73.2±16.7 76.4±19.4 0.12 −1.00±1.33 −0.9±0.71 0.318 −0.93±1.49 −1.04±1.15 0.212
 T2 72.2±15.5 75.5±15.5
 T3 72.3±16.7 75.4±17.2
 P 0.835 0.498 0.899 0.747
Appraisal
 T1 55.9±18.8 59.6±20.2 0.09 5.35±1.67 −0.08±0.370 0.093 6.52±1.59 3.00±1.15 0.444
 T2 61.3±19.3 59.5±19.5
 T3 62.5±19.7 62.6±20.1
 P 0.005 0.994 0.001 0.03
Use
 T1 48.7±19.5 49.5±22.3 0.825 11.25±1.65 0±0.70 0.001 10.5±1.66 2.77±1.35 0.030
 T2 59.9±20.2 49.5±21.6
 T3 59.2±22.0 52.3±21.7
 P 0.001 1.00 0.001 0.121
Communicate
 T1 62.4±18.6 63.6±19.8 0.67 4.02±1.64 −0.02±0.35 0.001 4.34±1.58 1.60±1.18 0.339
 T2 66.4±17.3 63.6±19.5
 T3 66.8±19.1 65.2±19.8
 P 0.045 1.00 0.02 0.444
Numeracy
 T1 41.5±29.1 45.1±30.8 0.04 24.36±3.01 1.69±1.51 0.001 27.09±2.86 −0.56±1.08 0.001
 T2 65.8±38.0 46.8±36.9
 T3 68.6±36.8 44.6±31.5
 P 0.001 0.604 0.001 0.937

P=Repeated measure. *T-test, **GEE. T1=Baseline, T2=After intervention, T3=Follow-up. GEE=Generalized estimating equations, SD=Standard deviation