Table 1.

Characteristics of orthopedic surgery patients in this study

		Postoperative complications
	Total	Yes	No	P value
Number	313	49	264
Age, years
65–74 years	95	9	86
75–89 years	171	26	145	0.011
≥ 90 years	47	14	33
Gender, female	221	29	192	0.062
BMI, kg/m2
18.5–24.9 kg/m2	206	33	173
< 18.5 kg/m2	39	12	27	0.004
> 25.0 kg/m2	67	4	63
Comorbidities
Anemia	37	10	27	0.054
Hypertension	163	23	140	0.44
Dyslipidemia	88	9	79	0.12
Diabetes mellitus	48	7	41	1
ASA class ≥ 3	104	27	77	< 0.001
Glucocorticoids use	10	2	8	0.66
Organ impairment
COPD requiring medication	1	0	1	1
History of HF or IHD	25	8	17	0.038
Liver failure	7	1	6	1
ESRD	9	1	8	1
Operative indication
Upper limb fracture	73	2	71	0.002
Lower limb fracture	137	31	106
Spinal/pelvic fracture	8	1	7
Osteoarthritis	28	3	25
Spinal surgery	28	6	22
Others	39	6	33
Surgical procedure
Operative time ≥ 2 h	58	9	49	1
Bleeding volume ≥ 500 mL	13	3	10	0.44
Emergency	20	3	17	1
Anesthetic procedure
Spinal	15	3	12	0.71
General	298	46	252
Postoperative analgesia
Parenteral analgesics as needed	103	20	83	0.17
Peripheral nerve blocks	151	18	133
PCA	47	11	36
PCA combined with nerve blocks	5	0	5
Epidural analgesia	7	0	7
Perioperative blood transfusion	68	19	49	0.004

Statistical comparisons were performed using the Fisher’s exact test. ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DM diabetes mellitus, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ESRD end-stage renal disease, HF heart failure, HTN hypertension, IHD ischemic heart disease, PCA patient-controlled analgesia