Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, comorbid psychiatric disorders, history of drug use, and treatment outcome among participants who crossed and did not crossover
| Participants that crossed over to CMC (n = 16) | Participants that did not crossover to CMC (n = 16) | p value1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | Mean ± SD | n (%) | Mean ± SD | ||
| Baseline variables | |||||
| Age (years) | 37.3 ± 8.4 | 33.9 ± 8.4 | 0.337 | ||
| Male | 14 (87.5) | 14 (87.5) | 1.000 | ||
| Education (years of schooling) | 10.1 ± 3.3 | 10 ± 4.2 | 0.612 | ||
| Unemployment | 11 (68.8) | 16 (100) | 0.043 | ||
| Homelessness | 3 (18.8) | 6 (37.5) | 0.433 | ||
| Age at onset of crack use (years) | 24.7 ± 8.4 | 23.2 ± 6.7 | 0.740 | ||
| Duration of crack use (years) | 12.6 ± 7.8 | 10.8 ± 7.3 | 0.444 | ||
| Has slept on the streets due to crack use | 6 (37.5) | 12 (75.5) | 0.073 | ||
| Has been to Crackland2 | 14 (87.5) | 16 (100) | 0.484 | ||
| History of inpatient treatment | 14 (87.5) | 12 (75.5) | 1.000 | ||
| Number of previous treatment attempts | 4.6 ± 5.4 | 3.1 ± 3.1 | 0.282 | ||
| Positive crack cocaine urine sample at baseline | 9 (56.3) | 7 (43.8) | 0.654 | ||
| Alcohol dependence | 9 (56.3) | 12 (75.5) | 0.458 | ||
| Multiple substance dependence | 12 (75.0) | 12 (75.0) | 1.000 | ||
| Psychotic symptoms | 10 (62.5) | 5 (31.2) | 0.156 | ||
| Beck Depression Inventory-II score | 23.8 ± 12.6 | 19.9 ± 12.6 | 0.401 | ||
| Beck Anxiety Inventory score | 21.0 ± 14.0 | 10.6 ± 9.4 | 0.022 | ||
| Treatment outcome variables | |||||
| Treatment attendance (sessions) | 5.3 ± 7.7 | 2.3 ± 3.8 | 0.182 | ||
| Retention in treatment (weeks) | 3.9 ± 4.3 | 2.6 ± 3.7 | 0.489 | ||
| Proportion of negative samples submitted | 12.2 ± 19.9 | 5.7 ± 10.8 | 0.265 | ||
| Longest duration of abstinence (weeks) | 1.1 ± 2.2 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.304 | ||
| Retained and abstinent at the last week of treatment | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000 | ||
| 3 or more weeks of abstinence | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 0.484 | ||
| Completely abstinent during treatment | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000 | ||
CMC contingency management condition, SD standard deviation
1p values were obtained using independent t test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for dichotomous variables
2Crackland is a region of downtown São Paulo where thousands of people consume crack openly