N. europaea culture dynamics and sampling scheme. N. europaea grown in a chemostat operated in batch mode (I), under steady-state NH3-limited conditions as a continuous culture (II), transitioning from NH3-limited to O2-limited steady-state growth as a continuous culture (III), and under steady-state O2-limited conditions as a continuous culture (IV). Arrows indicate transcriptome sampling points during NH3-limited (days 9, 10, and 11) and O2-limited (days 28, 29, and 30) steady-state growth.