Table 1.
Resilience-promoting factors.
| Individual assets | Environmental resources |
|---|---|
| • Self-esteem and confidence • Self-efficacy • Emotion regulation skills • Stress tolerance • Problem-solving skills • Information processing • Planning and decision-making skills • Intelligence • Educational abilities • Reflectiveness and personal awareness • Agreeable personality • Self-worth • Verbal communication skills • Social skills • Empathy • Hope • Faith • Optimism • Sense of direction or purpose • Belief life has meaning • Positive outlook on life • Educational aspiration and school commitment • Achievement motivation • Creativity • Humor • Religious affiliation and participation |
Family Factors
• Secure attachment relationships with parents • Authoritative parenting style • Caregivers who model competent behavior • Parental support of education • Parental supervision • Interpersonal warmth • Family cohesion • Emotional security and belonging • Marital harmony • Socioeconomic advantages • Religious/faith affiliation and participation • Strong relationships with extended family and kinship networks Peer and Community Factors • Friendships and romantic attachments with prosocial, well-regulated, supportive peers • Connections to stable, reliable, and supportive adult role models • Positive social support networks • Community well-being, stability, and cohesiveness • Opportunities for belonging and meaningful involvement in prosocial school, sports, religious, and community activities • Opportunities to engage in socially valued roles and activities that allow for responsibility, manageable challenge, and the opportunity to develop competencies and experience success • Opportunities for learning and mastery • Authoritative school and teacher styles, positive school climate and bonding to school Culture/Ethnic Identity • Strong, positive ethnic/cultural identity • Identification with traditional beliefs and values • Participation in traditional practices • Racial/ethnic socialization • Connection with members of one's cultural or social group |