Table 9.
The Effect of DSME on Different Patients’ Reported Outcomes
| Parameter (Patient-Reported Outcome) | Study Reference Number | Assessment Tool | Outcome (Result) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes self-care behavior | 25 | SDSCA | Diet, physical activity, SMBG but not foot care or smoking cessation were significantly improved after the DSME program in IG as compared to CG |
| 29 | SDSCA | Diet and SMBG but not physical activity, foot care or smoking cessation were significantly improved after the DSME program in IG as compared to CG | |
| 30 | SDSCA | Diet, physical activity, foot care, and SMBG but not smoking cessation were significantly improved after the DSME program in IG as compared to CG | |
| 32 | SDSCA | Overall self-care activities were significantly improved after the DSME program in IG as compared to CG | |
| 33 | SDSCA | Overall self-care activities were improved in IG but the difference is not statistically significance by comparison between IG and CG | |
| 27 | The author developed new questionnaire | Overall self-care practices were significantly improved after the DSME program in IG and not in CG | |
| 28 | Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire | Overall self-care practices were significantly improved after the DSME program in IG as compared to CG | |
| Medication adherence | 23 | Author developed questionnaire | Overall medication adherence was significantly improved after the DSME program in IG as compared to CG |
| 26 | Previously developed questionnaire (Cheri Ann Hernandez) | The proportion of patients with favorable medication adherence was increased significantly after DSME in IG as compared to CG | |
| 25 | Morisky medication adherence questionnaire (4 items) | The proportion of patients who reported medication non-adherence was decreased significantly after DSME in IG as compared to CG | |
| 29 | Morisky medication adherence questionnaire (8 items) | The proportion of patients who reported medication non-adherence was decreased significantly after DSME in IG as compared to CG | |
| Knowledge | 23 | Author-developed questionnaire | The proportion of patients who had poor knowledge was decreased only in IG |
| 28 | KAP questionnaire | Overall knowledge score was significantly improved after DSME in IG as compared to CG | |
| 30 | A brief diabetes knowledge test | Only patients using oral anti-diabetic showed a significantly greater improvement in total knowledge score for patients in IG as compared to those in CG | |
| Self-efficacy | 27 | Author-developed questionnaire | Self-efficacy was significantly improved after DSME in IG but not in CG |
| 30 | Diabetes empowerment scale | Perceived self-efficacy was significantly improved after DSME in IG as compared to CG | |
| 32 | Diabetes management self-efficacy scale | Self-efficacy was significantly improved after DSME in IG as compared to CG | |
| Attitude towards diabetes | 27 | Author-developed questionnaire | The overall attitude score was only significantly improved in IG |
| 28 | KAP | Overall attitude score was significantly improved after DSME in IG as compared to CG | |
| 30 | Diabetes care profile | Both positive and negative attitudes were significantly improved after DSME in IG as compared to CG | |
| Health belief | 27 | Author-developed questionnaire | All domains of health belief (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers) were significantly improved only in IG (not in CG) after DSME |
| 30 | Browns health beliefs instrument | Overall health belief score was significantly improved after DSME in IG as compared to CG | |
| Quality of life | 23 | Short-form-26 | All domains of quality of life (pain, general and mental health, physical and social functioning, emotion and vitality) significantly improved after DSME in IG as compared to CG |
| Outcome expectation | 32 | Outcome expectancies questionnaire | An overall score was significantly improved after DSME in IG as compared to CG |
Abbreviations: SDSCA, summary of diabetes self-care activities; IC, intervention group; CG, control group.