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. 2020 Jan 17;10:535. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56317-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Lamellate structures of cloudinids and modern siboglinids. (A), nanoCT-based volume model of modern siboglinid, Tevnia sp. with collared tube, MTES-01. (B), SEM micrograph showing chitinous lamellae of the tube wall of Modern Arcovestia ivanovi, Arc3-04. (C1) SEM micrograph of cross section of Zuunia gen. nov., BYN1101. (C2) Backscattered electron (BSE) image of one collar (C1) showing a fine lamellate, submicrometric construction, uncoated. (D1), light micrograph of Cloudina hartmannae from Farm Aar, Namibia, A801K. (D2), close-up of D1 (red frame) showing multiple fine lamellae and large blocky spar crystallites partly extending from the wall into the surrounding carbonate. (E1), light micrograph of Cloudina hartmannae from Paraguay, PGC010606. (E2), close-up of (E1) (red frame) with crossed nicols showing calcite spars (red arrows) extended across the layers of the wall. (E3) close-up of (E2) (red box) showing fine organic lamellae. Scale bars: (A), 2 mm; (B), 10 μm; (C2,D2,E3), 20 μm; (C1,D1,E2), 100 μm, E1, 500 μm.