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. 2020 Jan 17;10:593. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-57468-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Glucose or lactulose breath tests and their link to the bacterial composition. (a) Exhaled H₂ and CH₄ over time, after glucose and lactulose ingestion in IBS (n = 17, purple dotted line) and healthy (n = 20, black solid line). (b) Multivariate orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score scatter plot of the bacterial composition of feces, the mucosa-associated bacterial composition in the colon and the mucosa-associated bacterial composition in the duodenum of IBS and healthy with positive glucose or lactulose breath test (yellow squares) based on elevated baseline levels of H₂ and/or CH₄ (>15 ppm) compared to those with a negative test (purple circles). (c) OPLS-DA loading scatter plot showing the separation between IBS and healthy with positive fasting glucose or lactulose breath test compared to those with a negative test, and the bacterial composition of feces, the mucosa-associated bacterial composition in the colon and the mucosa-associated bacterial composition in the duodenum, respectively. Multivariate analysis was performed with bacteria as X-variables and IBS and healthy with a positive fasting breath test and those with a negative test at baseline, respectively, as Y-variables. * = Significant difference between those with a positive test compared to those with a negative test according to the Kruskal-Wallis test. U. = Unclassified.