Table 2.
Details of the studies in the developmental meta-analyses, including sample size, mean age, contrast, and statistical threshold.
| Study | Reference | N | Mean age | Contrast | Statistical threshold |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arithmetic | |||||
| A1 | Davis et al. (2009a) | 24 | 8.1 years | Addition > Greek letter matching | p < 0.001 uncorrected |
| A2 | Davis et al. (2009b) | 19 | 8.1 years | Addition > Greek letter matching | p < 0.001 uncorrected |
| A3 | Meintjes et al. (2010) | 16 | 10.5 years | Addition > Greek letter matching | p < 0.05 FDR |
| A4 | Kucian et al. (2006) | 10 (3rd grade) 10 (6th grade) |
9.2 years 12.0 years |
Exact addition > Approximate addition Addition > Grayscale matching |
p < .005 FDR |
| A5 | Cho et al. (2011) | 103 | 7–9.9 years | Addition with retrieval > Addition with counting | p < .01 FWE |
| A6 | Rosenberg-Lee et al. (2015) | 20 | 8.44 years | Addition > Subtraction | p < .01 cluster-wise |
| A7 | Ashkenazi et al. (2012) | 17 | 97.41 months | Complex addition > Simple addition | p < .01 FWE |
| A8 | Metcalfe et al. (2013) | 74 | 7.8 years | Complex addition > Simple addition |
p < 0.01 uncorrected; p < 0.05 FWE |
| A9 | Rosenberg-Lee et al. (2015) | 45 (2nd grade) 45 (3rd grade) |
7.67 years 8.67 years |
Complex addition > Simple addition | p < 0.01 FWE |
| A10 | Demir et al. (2014) | 40 | 10.9 years | Multiplication > Fixation | p < .05 cluster-wise |
| A11 | Kawashima et al. (2004) | 8 | 11.6 years | Multiplication > Fixation Addition > Fixation |
p < .05 corrected |
| A12 | Kesler et al. (2006) | 15 | 14.6 years | Mixed addition and subtraction > Digit strings | corrected (unspecified) |
| A13 | Rivera et al. (2002) | 16 | 16.97 years | Mixed addition and subtraction > Digit strings | p < .01 cluster-wise |
| A14 | Price et al. (2013) | 33 | 17 years, 11.5 months | Mixed addition and subtraction > Digit matching | p < .05 FDR |
| A15 | De Smedt et al. (2011) | 18 | 11.77 years | Small addition/subtraction > Large addition/subtraction Addition > Subtraction |
p < .001voxel-wise; p < .05 cluster-wise |
| A16 | Chen et al. (2006) | 8 (abacus experts) 8 (non-experts) |
11.75 years 12.29 years |
Serial addition > Viewing numbers | p < .0001 uncorrected |
| Phonological processing | |||||
| P1 | Booth et al. (2004) | 16 | 10.7 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual matching | p < .01 corrected |
| P2 | Booth et al. (2001) | 5 | 11.1 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual matching | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P3 | Temple et al. (2001) | 15 | 10.5 years | Rhyme judgment (letters) > Letter matching | p < .025 corrected |
| P4 | Bitan et al. (2007) | 36 | 11.7 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Fixation |
p < .0001 uncorrected; p < .05 corrected |
| P5 | Cao et al. (2008) | 12 | 12.3 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Fixation | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P6 | Hoeft et al. (2007) | 64 | 10 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Fixation | p < .01 FDR |
| P7 | Hoeft et al. (2006) | 10 (5th grade) 10 (3rd grade) |
10.95 years 8.75 years |
Rhyme judgment (words) > Fixation | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P8 | Cao et al. (2006) | 14 | 11.5 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Fixation | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P9 | McNorgan et al. (2011) | 14 (young group) 12 (older group) |
9.3 years 13.5 years |
Rhyme judgment (words) > Fixation | p < .05 FDR |
| P10 | Backes et al. (2002) | 8 | 11.6 years | Rhyme judgment (pseudowords) > Fixation | p < .05 cluster-wise |
| P11 | Georgiewa et al. (1999) | 17 | 14.4 years | Pseudoword reading > Font strings | p < .05 |
| P12 | van der Mark et al. (2009) | 24 | 11.3 years | Pseudoword reading > Fixation | p < .05 FDR |
| P13 | Noble et al. (2006) | 38 | 7 years, 11 months | Pseudoword one-back task > Fixation | p < .0001 uncorrected |
| P14 | Yamada et al. (2011) | 7 | 5.7 years | Letter one-back task > False fonts one-back task | p < .05 uncorrected |
| P15 | Bach et al. (2010) | 18 | 8.3 years | Different letter substitution > Same letter substitution Letter substitution > null |
p < .005 cluster extent threshold |
| P16 | Bach et al. (2013) | 19 | 6.4 years | Word decoding > Symbol identification Word decoding > Null |
p < .005 cluster extent threshold |