Table 3.
Details of the studies in the adult meta-analyses, including sample size, mean age, contrast, and statistical threshold.
| Study | Reference | N | Mean age | Contrast | Statistical threshold |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arithmetic | |||||
| A1 | Venkatraman et al. (2005) | 10 | 20–25 years | Addition > Digit matching |
p < .001 uncorrected; p < .05 corrected |
| A2 | Stanescu-Cosson et al. (2000) | 7 | 22–26 years | Exact addition > Approximate addition Addition > Letter matching |
p < .001 uncorrected; p < .05 cluster-wise |
| A3 | van der Ven et al. (2016) | 23 | 21.04 years | Exact addition > Non-symbolic addition |
p < .001 uncorrected; p < .05 FWE |
| A4 | Gullick and Wolford (2014) | 24 | 19 years, 10 months | Addition > Subtraction |
p < .001 uncorrected; p < .05 FDR |
| A5 | Hugdahl et al. (2004) | 12 | 31.0 years | Addition > Digit identification | p < .05 corrected |
| A6 | Kawashima et al. (2004) | 8 | 44.1 years | Addition > Fixation Multiplication > Fixation |
p < .05 corrected |
| A7 | Zhou et al. (2007) | 20 | 22.7 years | Addition > Fixation Multiplication > Fixation |
p < .001 uncorrected |
| A8 | Kuo et al. (2008) | 12 | 21–29 years | Serial addition > Digit maintenance | p < .001 (unspecified) |
| A9 | Sammer et al. (2007) | 20 | 25.4 years | Serial addition > Viewing numbers | p < .05 FWE |
| A10 | De Pisapia et al. (2006) | 20 | 20.3 years | Serial arithmetic > Null | p < .05 uncorrected |
| A11 | Ischebeck et al. (2006) | 12 | 26.8 years | Multiplication > Digit matching |
p < .0001 uncorrected; p < .05 corrected |
| A12 | Delazer et al. (2003) | 13 | 30.5 years | Multiplication > Digit matching | p < .0001 uncorrected |
| A13 | Chochon et al. (1999) | 8 | 20–30 years | Multiplication > Digit ordering Multiplication > Digit identification |
p < .001 uncorrected; p < .05 corrected |
| A14 | Andin et al. (2015) | 17 | 28.6 years | Multiplication > Digit ordering Multiplication > Letter identification |
p < .001 uncorrected; p < .05 FWE |
| A15 | Jost et al. (2009) | 16 | 24.5 years | Multiplication > Digit maintenance Multiplication (retrieval) > Multiplication (non-retrieval) |
p < .001 uncorrected |
| A16 | De Visscher et al. (2015) | 20 | 29 years | Multiplication (retrieval) > Multiplication (non-retrieval) | p < .001 uncorrected |
| A17 | Rosenberg-Lee et al. (2011) | 20 | 23.9 years | Multiplication > Subtraction Multiplication > Division Multiplication > Digit identification |
p < .01 corrected |
| A18 | Zarnhofer et al. (2012) | 42 | 23 years | Multiplication > Subtraction Multiplication (digits) > Multiplication (number words) |
p < .001 uncorrected; p < .05 FWE |
| A19 | Andres et al. (2012) | 18 | 21.3 years | Multiplication > Subtraction Mixed multiplication and subtraction > Letter identification |
p < .05 FDR |
| A20 | Andres et al. (2011) | 10 | 21.0 years | Multiplication > Subtraction Mixed multiplication and subtraction > Letter identification |
p < .001 uncorrected; p < .05 corrected |
| A21 | Keller and Menon (2009) | 49 | 23.99 years | Mixed addition and subtraction > Digit identification |
p < .01 uncorrected p < .001 corrected; |
| A22 | Menon et al. (2000) | 16 | 20.28 years | Mixed addition and subtraction (3 operands) > Digit identification Mixed addition and subtraction (2 operands) > Digit identification |
p < .01 uncorrected |
| Phonological processing | |||||
| P1 | Geva et al. (2012) | 12 19 |
24.6 years 64.1 years |
Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual matching | p < .05 FWE |
| P2 | Hernandez et al. (2013) | 16 | 21.2 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual matching | p < .05 clusterwise |
| P3 | MacSweeney et al. (2009) | 7 | 32 years, 7 months | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual matching |
p < .05 voxelwise; p < .005 clusterwise |
| P4 | Pecini et al. (2008) | 10 | 27.1 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual matching | p < .05 corrected |
| P5 | Booth et al. (2004) | 16 | 25.2 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual matching | p < .01 corrected |
| P6 | Booth et al. (2003) | 15 | 25.8 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual matching | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P7 | Booth et al. (2001) | 4 | 25.5 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual matching | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P8 | Poldrack et al. (2001) | 8 | 20–29 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual matching | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P9 | Lurito et al. (2000) | 5 | 27 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual matching | t > 6, uncorrected |
| P10 | Cousin et al. (2006) | 11 | 27.5 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual detection | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P11 | Oron et al. (2016) | 37 | 46.3 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Visual detection | p < .05 FWE |
| P12 | Booth et al. (2002) | 13 | 24.6 years | Rhyme judgment (words) > Word spelling matching | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P13 | McDermott et al. (2003) | 20 | 22.1 years | Rhyme processing (words, silent) > Semantic processing | p < .0012 voxelwise |
| P14 | Taylor et al. (2014) | 22 | 18–20 years | Pseudoword reading > Word reading |
p < .001 uncorrected; p < .05 FWE |
| P15 | Mechelli et al. (2005) | 22 | 36 years | Pseudoword reading (silent) > Word reading | p < .05 corrected |
| P16 | Dietz et al. (2005) | 16 | 31.1 years | Pseudoword reading (silent) > Word reading | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P17 | Joubert et al. (2004) | 10 | 26 years | Pseudoword reading (silent) > Viewing letter strings | p < .0005 voxelwise |
| P18 | Danelli et al. (2013) | 28 | 21 years | Pseudoword reading (silent) > Viewing line patterns | p < .05 FWE |
| P19 | Clark and Wagner (2003) | 20 | 18–33 years | Syllable counting (pseudowords) > Syllable counting (words) | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P20 | Rudner et al. (2013) | 20 | 26.4 years | Final syllable two-back task > Color two-back task |
p < .001 uncorrected; p < .05 corrected |
| P21 | Katzir et al. (2005) | 12 | 18–25 years | Initial sound matching > Object matching | p < .001 uncorrected |
| P22 | Tham et al. (2005) | 6 | 18–23 years | Homophone judgment > Fixation | p < .05 uncorrected |
| P23 | Burton et al. (2005) | 14 | 26.7 years | Rhyme judgment (words/pseudowords) > Visual matching |
p < .01 uncorrected; p < .05 corrected |