Fig. 6. In vitro PDT evaluation of OxgeMCC-r SAE on 4T1 tumor cells.

Cell viability assay of free Ce6, MCC, and OxgeMCC-r SAE treated 4T1 cells in a normoxic and b hypoxic conditions under 671 nm light irradiation (concentration of Ce6: 8 ppm; 671 nm laser power density: 100 mW cm⁻²; irradiation time: 30 s). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. (n = 4). Statistical analysis was performed via one-way ANOVA. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. c Live/dead staining of 4T1 cells treated with PBS, free Ce6, MCC, and OxgeMCC-r SAE in the presence of 671 nm laser irradiation under hypoxic conditions. Green signal from calcein AM indicates live cells and red signal from propidium iodide (PI) indicates dead cells (concentration of Ce6: 8 ppm). Scale bar is 50 µm. d Cell death mechanism after the treatment of PBS, free Ce6, MCC, and OxgeMCC-r SAE in the presence of 671 nm laser irradiation under hypoxic conditions assessed with Annexin V-FITC/PI by flow cytometry.