Table 1.
Study population characteristics.
| Characteristics | All (n = 34) |
Control (n = 19) |
CWMT (n = 15) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a) Demographic | ||||
| Age (years) | 10 ± 2 | 10 ± 2 | 10 ± 1 | .821 |
| Gender | .728 | |||
| Male | 21 (62%) | 10 (67%) | 11 (62%) | |
| Handedness | ||||
| Right | 28 (82%) | 16 (84%) | 12 (80%) | .749 |
| Ethnicity | .355 | |||
| Dutch | 29 (85%) | 15 (79%) | 14 (93%) | |
| Maternal education level† | .242 | |||
| Low | 5 (15%) | 2 (11%) | 3 (20%) | |
| Moderate | 11 (32%) | 5 (26%) | 6 (40%) | |
| High | 18 (53%) | 12 (63%) | 6 (40%) | |
| Type of education child | .228 | |||
| Regular | 23 (68%) | 13 (68%) | 10 (67%) | |
| Regular with help | 9 (26%) | 6 (32%) | 3 (20%) | |
| Special education | 2 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (13%) | |
| IQ | 101 ± 12 | 100 ± 12 | 102 ± 12 | .576 |
| b) Clinical | ||||
| Birthweight (kilograms) | 3.5 (2.8–3.2) | 3.5 (3.3–3.8) | 3.4 (3.0–4.0) | .650 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 40 (39–41) | 40 (40–41) | 40 (40–42) | .483 |
| ICU stay (days) | 16 (10–20) | 16 (10–21) | 16 (9–18) | .918 |
| Mechanical vent. (days) | 10 (8–16) | 11 (8–16) | 10 (9–16) | .762 |
| Chronic lung disease‡ | 3 (9%) | 2 (11%) | 1 (8%) | .787 |
| Abnormal CUS§ | 3 (9%) | 2 (12%) | 1 (9%) | .823 |
| CDH-non-ECMO | 11 (32%) | 5 (26%) | 6 (40%) | .646 |
| ECMO treatment¶ | 23 (68%) | 14 (74%) | 9 (60%) | .475 |
| Type of ECMO | .176 | |||
| VA | 15 (65%) | 8 (57%) | 7 (78%) | |
| VV | 7 (30%) | 6 (43%) | 1 (11%) | |
| VV conversion to VA | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (22%) | |
| Age start ECMO (days) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–4) | 1 (1–2) | .557 |
| Hours on ECMO | 109 (85–180) | 114 (84–185) | 104 (84–161) | .831 |
N (%), mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) is reported where appropriate. Dutch refers to children with two native Dutch parents. †Based on the highest level of education completed by the mother (Centraal, Bureau, voor, de, Statistiek, (Statistics, Netherlands), 2006). ‡Chronic lung disease defined as oxygen dependency at 28 days of life (Jobe and Bancalari, 2001). §Abnormal CUS: hemorrhagic infarct posterior cerebral artery (n = 1), focal densities thalami (n = 2). ¶Diagnoses underlying ECMO treatment in the neonatal period were congenital diaphragmatic hernia (n = 2), meconium aspiration syndrome (n = 17), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (n = 2), infant respiratory distress syndrome (n = 1), and cardiac anomaly (n = 1).Abbreviations: CWMT, Cogmed Working Memory Training; IQ, Intelligence Quotient; CUS, cranial ultrasound; CDH, congenital diaphragmatic hernia; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; VA, venoarterial; VV, venovenous.