Table C1.
Neuropsychological outcome.
| Control (raw scores) |
CWMT (raw scores) |
Control (z-scores) |
CWMT (z-scores) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | T1 | T0 | T1 | T0 | T1 | T0 | T1 | |
| Working-memory | ||||||||
| Digit Span (WISC-III-NL) | 12.74 (2.86) | 13.50 (3.65) | 12.07 (2.87) | 15.47 (3.11) | 0.30 (0.91) | 0.43 (1.00) | 0.02 (1.09) | 1.27 (0.93) |
| Spatial Span (WNV) | 14.74 (4.37) | 14.61 (4.13) | 14.47 (3.31) | 18.00 (4.60) | 0.19 (1.13) | 0.09 (1.12) | 0.14 (0.99) | 1.08 (1.22) |
| Verbal memory | ||||||||
| RAVLT Immediate recall | 32.89 (7.28) | 39.00 (11.02) | 36.00 (8.06) | 40.33 (8.71) | −1.72 (1.08) | −0.68 (1.22) | −1.41 (1.05) | −0.91 (1.43) |
| RAVLT Delayed recall | 5.26 (2.83) | 6.33 (3.82) | 5.93 (3.26) | 8.00 (3.27) | −2.08 (1.10) | −1.53 (1.34) | −1.71 (1.24) | −0.82 (1.32) |
| Visuospatial memory | ||||||||
| RCFT immediate recall | 10.84 (7.53) | 12.50 (7.94) | 10.90 (4.76) | 15.03 (8.27) | −1.54 (1.11) | −1.26 (1.24) | −1.59 (0.85) | −0.91 (1.44) |
| RCFT delayed recall | 10.63 (7.29) | 12.86 (8.60) | 10.20 (5.89) | 14.93 (8.06) | −1.58 (1.07) | −1.19 (1.39) | −1.59 (1.19) | −0.87 (1.36) |
| RCFT recognition | 18.74 (3.36) | 19.17 (2.41) | 19.93 (2.12) | 20.80 (1.66) | −0.82 (1.64) | −0.66 (1.22) | −0.31 (1.26) | 0.22 (0.79) |
| Sustained attention | ||||||||
| DCT | 18.43 (6.98) | 16.47 (5.10) | 18.69 (4.41) | 16.21 (3.27) | −1.13 (2.33) | −0.35 (1.64) | −1.18 (1.55) | −0.24 (1.17) |
| Selective attention | ||||||||
| TMT section B | 54.37 (30.42) | 48.83 (27.48) | 51.00 (28.05) | 39.80 (18.92) | −0.18 (1.05) | 0.02 (1.41) | −0.08 (1.39) | 0.31 (1.22) |
| STROOP (interference score) | −0.56 (0.92) | 0.33 (1.03) | −0.27 (1.12) | 0.00 (1.07) | −0.56 (0.92) | 0.33 (1.03) | −0.27 (1.12) | 0.00 (1.07) |
| Processing speed | ||||||||
| TMT section A | 18.53 (9.84) | 20.00 (10.12) | 21.40 (8.18) | 22.93 (17.75) | 0.50 (0.86) | 0.23 (0.99) | −0.02 (1.09) | 0.35 (0.77) |
| Executive functioning | ||||||||
| BADS-C-NL Key Search | 8.11 (4.76) | 8.28 (5.20) | 8.73 (4.54) | 5.60 (4.44) | 0.05 (1.19) | 0.52 (1.20) | 0.31 (1.10) | −0.35 (1.02) |
| BADS-C-NL Modified Six Elements | 12.13 (3.31) | 11.71 (3.74) | 11.87 (3.83) | 13.47 (2.48) | −0.13 (0.97) | −0.20 (1.11) | −0.07 (1.06) | 0.29 (1.13) |
| Visuospatial processing | ||||||||
| RCFT Copy | 26.92 (7.68) | 28.17 (7.08) | 29.67 (3.87) | 28.44 (5.45) | 0.05 (0.76) | 0.18 (0.74) | 0.37(0.62) | 0.09 (0.84) |
Cognitive outcomes pre- and post-CWMT for both study groups are reported as z-scores (mean = 0, SD = 1). There were 19 children in the Control group and 15 in the CWMT group. T0 is the baseline assessment; T1 is the assessment immediately after CWMT. For the DCT and TMT tests, reaction time scores are given. Z-scores were inverted where appropriate so that a higher score always equated with better performance.
Abbreviations: CWMT, Cogmed Working Memory Training; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WNV, Wechsler Non-verbal Intelligence test; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RCFT, Rey Complex Figure Test; DCT, Dot Cancellation Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; BADS-C-NL, Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome.