Figure 1.

Schematic illustration of RA/CTS (RNA adjuvant/chitosan) polyplexes as an immune-modulating adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy. (A) RA was complexed with CTS through electrostatic interactions to form RA/CTS polyplexes. (B) Subcutaneous injection of RA/CTS together with ovalbumin (OVA) antigen activates dendritic cells (DCs), inducing their migration to nearby lymph nodes for subsequent antigen presentation. Naïve T cells presented with antigen epitopes via major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) molecules and co-stimulatory signals consequently differentiate into OVA-specific cytotoxic T cells. (C) These cytotoxic T cells are capable of killing OVA-expressing tumor cells, functioning as a preventive cancer vaccine.