TABLE 3.
Vascular Pathology in Military Early-Onset Dementia Cases
| Case #1 |
Case #2 |
Case #3 |
Case #4 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left | Right | Bi-hem/Sym | Left | Right | Bi-hem/Sym | Left | Right | Bi-hem/Sym | Left | Right | Bi-hem/Sym | |
| OB | Neuronal loss | Neuronal loss | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | |
| MFG | Perisulcal neuronal loss | Perisulcal neuronal loss | Yes/Yes | Neg (arteriosclerosis) | Neg (arteriosclerosis) | Yes/Yes | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Yes/Yes | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Yes/Yes |
| OFG | Superficial layers atrophy; tissue rarefaction as per ischemia in the white matter | Superficial layers atrophy; tissue rarefaction as per ischemia in the white matter | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg (arteriosclerosis) | Yes/No | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Yes/Yes |
| MTC | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Yes/Yes | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Yes/Yes |
| ACC | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss (thinner corpus callosum) | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss (thinner corpus callosum) | Yes/Yes | Perivascular enlargement in WM; diffuse arteriosclerosis | Perivascular enlargement in WM; diffuse arteriosclerosis | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Spongiform tissue (superficial cortical layers) | Yes/Yes |
| PCC | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss (thinner corpus callosum with marked cellular loss) | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss (thinner corpus callosum with marked cellular loss) | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Area of tissue loss (Corpus Callosum) | Neg | No/No |
| AInsC | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss) | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss) | Yes/Yes | Perivascular enlargement in WM; diffuse arteriosclerosis | Perivascular enlargement in WM; diffuse arteriosclerosis | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes |
| OC | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; multiple ischemic lesions | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; multiple ischemic lesions | Yes/Yes | Neg (arteriosclerosis) | Neg (arteriosclerosis) | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes |
| AMY | Tissue rarefaction, corpora amylacea | Tissue rarefaction, corpora amylacea | Yes/Yes | Perivascular enlargement; diffuse arteriosclerosis | Perivascular enlargement; diffuse arteriosclerosis | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg (some perivascular enlargements) | Neg | Yes/Yes |
| BGMY | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; | Yes/Yes | Perivascular enlargement; diffuse arteriosclerosis | Perivascular enlargement; diffuse arteriosclerosis | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg (some perivascular enlargements) | Neg (some perivascular enlargements) | Yes/Yes |
| MAM+HYPO | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg (some perivascular enlargements; microbleeds) | Neg (some perivascular enlargements; microbleeds) | Yes/Yes |
| PH+EC+ITC | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; multiple ischemic lesions | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; multiple ischemic lesions | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Spongiform tissue superficial cortical layers | Spongiform tissue superficial cortical layers | Yes/Yes | Neg (some perivascular enlargements) | Neg (some perivascular enlargements; microbleeds) | Yes/Yes |
| MESSN | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; multiple ischemic lesions | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; multiple ischemic lesions | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes |
| PONS | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; multiple ischemic lesions | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; multiple ischemic lesions | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes |
| MObl | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; multiple ischemic lesions | Perivascular space enlargements with cellular loss; multiple ischemic lesions | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes | Neg | Neg | Yes/Yes |
The table describes the vascular pathology findings observed in each early-onset dementia (EOD) military case. The neuropathologic diagnoses were performed on 15 different neuroanatomical regions from both left and right hemisphere.
OB, Olfactory bulb; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; OFG, orbito-frontal gyrus/gyrus rectus; MTC, middle temporal cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; AInsC, anterior insular cortex; OC, occipital cortex (BA17 and 18); AMY, amygdala; BGMY, basal ganglia; MAM+HYPO, mammillary bodies+hypothalamus; PH+EC+ITC, posterior hippocampus (at CGL) including entorhinal cortex and inf. temp cortex; MESSN, mesencephalon (including substantia nigra); PONS, pons (including locus coeruleus); MObl, medulla oblongata (including dorsal motor of vagus).