Figure 1.

The topological model of PAQR3 and the autophagy pattern regulated by PAQR3 (A) PAQR3 is a seven-time transmembrane protein located on the Golgi body with N-terminal toward the cytoplasm amd C-terminal toward Golgi lumen. Feng L, Xie X, Ding Q, et al. Spatial regulation of Raf kinase signaling by RKTG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(36):14348–14353. Copyright (2007) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.³² (B) Activated AMPK phosphorylated PAQR3 at position 32 threonine during glucose starvation, promoting autophagy initiation, permission from EMBO.⁶²