Table 2.
Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles Using Different Parts of Plants
| Part Used | Plant | Reactive Compound | Size (nm) | Shape | Reaction Time | Applications | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leaves | Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) | Polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids | 50–100 | Spherical, triangular, hexagonal | 24h | Larvicidal activity against Aedes larvae | 37 |
| Clitoria ternatea (Asian pigeonwings) | Alcoholic, amine groups, halocompou-nds | 100 | Rod | 24h | Antibacterial, antioxidant | 150 | |
| Artocarpus hirsutus (Wild jack) | Polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids | 5–40 | Spherical | 6h | Anticancer | 136 | |
| Justicia glauca (Thaasi murungai) | Lignans [(+)-pinoresinol, (+)-medioresinol], alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids (sitosterol-3-0-glucoside), terpenoids | 32 | Hexagonal, spherical | 1h | Electrode for selective voltammetry | 17 | |
| Murraya koenigii Spreng (Curry leaves) | Polyphenols, quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, flavonoids | 20–40 | Spherical | 152mins | Fluorescent marker | 8 | |
| Terminalia arjuna (Arjun tree) | Arjunetin, leucoanthoc-yanidins, hydrolyzable tannins | 20–50 | Spherical | 15mins | Plant tissue culture | 61 | |
| Memecylon umbellatum (Iron wood) | Protein, saponins, polyphenols, carbohydrate | 15–25 | Spherical, triangular, hexagonal | 18h | – | 62 | |
| Coreopsis lanceolate | Antioxidants like sugars, flavonoids | 20–30 | Spherical, quasi spherical | 15mins | Detections of aflatoxins | 140 | |
| Olive | Proteins, oleoropein, apigenin-7-glucoside, luteolin-7-glucoside | 50–100 | Triangular, spherical, hexagonal | 20mins | - | 63 | |
| Cassia auriculata (Matura tea tree) | Polysaccharides, flavonoids | 15–25 | Spherical, triangular,hexagonal | 10mins | – | 64 | |
| Mangifera indica (Mango) | Terpenoids, flavonoids, thiamine | 17–20 | Spherical | 2mins | – | 65 | |
| Fruits | Lantana camara (Wild sage) | Ursolic acid, iridoid glycosides, mono- and sesquiterpe-nes, flavonoids | 150–300 | Triangle | 72h | – | 28 |
| Citrus maxima (Pomelo) | Polypeptides/proteins, terpene, ascorbic acid | 15–35 | Spherical | 5mins | Catalyst | 66 | |
| Sterculia acuminate (Pola plant) | Phenolic compounds | 9.37–38.12 | Spherical | 4mins | Catalyst | 58 | |
| Citrus (Lemon, tangerine, orange) | Citric acid, proteins | 32.3, 43.4, 56.7 | Spherical, triangular | 10mins | - | 67 | |
| Pear | Sugars, amino acids, proteins | 20–400 | Triangular, hexagonal, polyhedral | 20mins | – | 68 | |
| Rhizome | Yam bean | – | 200–400 | Triangular | 24h | Photodynamic and photo thermal therapy | 69 |
| Acorus calamus (Sweet flag) | Asarone, caryophylle-ne, isoasarone, methyl isoeugenol, safrole | 10 | Spherical | – | UV-blocking agent | 70 | |
| Turmeric | Phenolic (curcumin), triterpenoids, alkaloid, sterols | 5–60 | Oblong spherical | – | – | 35 | |
| Zingiber officinale (Ginger) | Oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, phenylpropa-noids, zingerone | 10–20 | Spherical, triangular, truncated triangular, hexagonal | 20mins | Antibacterial | 71 | |
| Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Korean red ginseng) | Saponin glycoside (ginsenoside), polysaccha-rides, flavones, peptide glycans | 2–40 | Spherical | 2.5h | Anticancer | 72 | |
| Flower | Lonicera Japonica (Japanese honeysuckle) | Amino acids | 8 | Triangular, tetrahedral | 1h | – | 73 |
| Nyctanthes arbortristis (Night flowering jasmine) | alkaloids, flavonoids | 15–25 | spherical | 30mins | – | 74 | |
| Peels | Musa paradisiaca (Banana) | Phenolic compounds, gallocatechin, dopamine | 50 | Spherical | 20mins | Antibacterial, anticancer | 42 |
| Mangifera indica Linn (Mango) | Phenols, carboxylic acids | 3.26–21.68 | Quasi-spherical | 25mins | Non-cytotoxic to normal cells | 75 | |
| Terminalia arjuna (Arjun tree) | Polyphenols | 60 | Triangular, hexagonal, pentagonal | 20mins | - | 76 | |
| Seed | Cocoa | Polyphenols | 150–200 | spherical | - | photothermal therapy | 77 |
| Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) | Proteins, polysaccha-rides, glycoprotein | 45–75 | Spherical, uneven shape | 10mins | Antifungal | 78 | |
| Bark | Guazuma ulmifolia (Bay cedar) | Tannins, proanthocya-nidins, precocene, catechins | 20–25 | Spherical | 10mins | Catalyst, DNA binding, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer | 156 |
| Willow tree | Tannins, alkanoids, flavonoids, alkaloids | 15 | Spherical | 30mins | Colorimetric sensor | 142 | |
| Acacia nilotica (Gum Arabic tree) | Protein, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, saponins | 10–50 | Unshaped, quasi-spherical | 10mins | Electrochemical sensor | 43 | |
| Others pulp | Capsicum annuum var. grossum (Green pepper) | Proteins, carbohydrates | 6–37 | Triangular, hexagonal, quasi-spherical | 10mins | Catalyst | 32 |
| Biomass | Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng (Gac) | Proteins | 10–80 | Spherical, oval, triangular | 12h | Photo catalyst | 79 |
| Galls | Pistacia integerrima (Zebra wood) | Monoterpenes, triterpenoids, sterols, dihydromal-valic acid | 20–200 | Grain like | – | Enzyme inhibition, muscle relax, sedative activities | 157 |
| Nut | Areca catechu (Pinang palm) | Polyphenols, fats, proteins, carbohydrate, flavonoids | Spherical | 13.70 | 5h | Catalyst, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer | 80 |
| Latex | Hevea brasiliensis (Para rubber tree) | isoprene, proteins | 50 | Spherical, triangular | 30mins | – | 81 |
| Palm oil mill effluent | Palm oil | Proteins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, alkaloids | 13–25 | Spherical | 1h | Removal of mercury | 36 |
| Whole plant | Macrotyloma uniflorum (Horse gram) | Proteins, carbohydrate, antioxidant | 14–17 | Spherical | – | – | 82 |