Figure 2.

Osmotic and oxidative stress induce stress granule formation and TDP-43 translocation. HEK293E cells were stressed with MG-132, Baf A1, sodium arsenite, sorbitol, H₂O₂, heat shock (HS), or thapsigargin (thaps). The fixed cells were immunostained with rabbit anti-TDP-43 (green) and mouse anti-eIF3η (red) (top) or mouse anti-TDP-43 (green) and rabbit anti-TIAR (red) (bottom). The cell nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (blue). Co-localization of TDP-43 with the SG marker eIF3η or TIAR is visible in the merged pictures (yellow). Scale bars, 20 μm.