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(A) Effect of VK4116 on the escalation of oxycodone self-administration in HS rats. (B) Effect of VK4116 on the escalation of oxycodone self-administration in male HS rats. (C) Effect of VK4116 on the escalation of oxycodone self-administration in female HS rats. The upper panels (a) represent responses at the active lever. The lower panels (b) represent responses at the inactive lever. *p < 0.05, vs. 0 mg/kg; ###p < 0.001, vs. first day of oxycodone self-administration.
