TABLE 1.
Examples of ShK-related natural venom peptides acting on Kv1.3.
| Peptide | Species | Number of residues | Disulfide pattern | IC50 or Kd | Related diseases |
| Sea anemone toxin ShK | Stichodactyla helianthus | 35 | C1–C6, C2–C4, C3–C5 | 133 pM (Castaneda et al., 1995) | Psoriasis (Tarcha et al., 2017); multiple sclerosis (Beeton et al., 2005); ischemic stroke (Peng et al., 2014); Alzheimer’s disease (Peng et al., 2014) |
| Sea anemone toxin BgK | Bunodosoma granuliferum | 37 | C1–C6, C2–C4, C3–C5 | 3.6 ± 0.6 nM (Aneiros et al., 1993) | Perhaps multiple sclerosis (Beraud et al., 2006) |
| Scorpion toxin BmP02 | Mesobuthus martensii | 28 | C1–C4, C2–C5, C3–C6 | 7.0 ± 0.6 nM (Zhu et al., 2012) | Perhaps multiple sclerosis (Wu et al., 2016) |
| Scorpion toxin BmKTX | Mesobuthus martensii | 37 | C1–C4, C2–C5, C3–C6 | 200 pM (Renisio et al., 2000) | Multiple sclerosis (Devaux et al., 2004); Alzheimer’s disease (Norton and Chandy, 2017); Parkinson’s disease (Tubert et al., 2016) |
| Scorpion defensin BmKDfsin4 | Mesobuthus martensii | 37 | NR | 510.2 nM (Meng et al., 2016) | NR |
| Scorpion toxin OSK1 | Orthochirus scrobiculosus | 38 | C1–C4, C2–C5, C3–C6 | 14.0 ± 1.0 pM (Mouhat et al., 2005) | Multiple sclerosis (Tegla et al., 2011); Alzheimer’s disease (Tarcha et al., 2017) |
| Scorpion toxin Kaliotoxin (KTX) | Androctonus mauritanicus | 38 | C1–C4, C2–C5, C3–C6 | 0.41 ± 0.23 nM (Gairi et al., 1997) | NR |
| Scorpion toxin Charybdotoxin (ChTX) | Leiurus quinquestriatus | 37 | C1–C4, C2–C5, C3–C6 | 0.71 ± 0.19 nM (Gimenez-Gallego et al., 1988) | Multiple sclerosis (Hu et al., 2007) |
| Scorpion toxin Maurotoxin (MTX) | Scorpio maurus | 34 | C1–C5, C2–C6, C3–C4, C7–C8 | 180 nM (Kharrat et al., 1997) | Perhaps multiple sclerosis (Jensen et al., 2002) |
| Scorpion toxin Noxiustoxin (NTX) | Centruroides noxius | 39 | C1–C4, C2–C5, C3–C6 | 0.31 ± 0.12 nM (Sitges et al., 1986) | NR |
| Scorpion toxin Pi1 | Pandinus imperator | 35 | C1–C5, C2–C6, C3–C7, C4–C8 | 11.4 nM (Péter et al., 2000) | NR |
| Scorpion toxin Vm24 | Vaejovis smithi | 36 | C1–C5, C2–C6, C3–C7, C4–C8 | 2.9 pM (Gurrola et al., 2012) | NR |
| Worm peptide AcK1 | Ancylostoma caninum | 51 | C1–C6, C2–C4, C3–C5 | 266 nM (Chhabra et al., 2014) | NR |
| Snake toxin BF9 | Bungarus fasciatus | 65 | C1–C6, C2–C4, C3–C5 | 120 nM (Yang et al., 2014) | Perhaps ischemic stroke (Ding et al., 2018) |
IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration; Kd, dissociation constant; NR, not reported.