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. 2020 Jan 20;10:631. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-57462-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dopamine-triggered calcium response in olfactory bulb (OB) astrocytes. (A) Fluo-8 staining of acute OB slices with example ROIs shown in idle state (left), in the presence of 100 µM ADP (middle) and high potassium ACSF (right). (B) Example traces of cells that are considered to be a neuron (ROI1) and an astrocyte (ROI2). (C) Dopamine-induced calcium responses of astrocytes by short pressure application (500 µM, left) and bath application (100 µM, right). (D) Calcium responses of astrocytes evoked by application of ADP (30 s, 100 µM) and dopamine (DA; 30 s, 100 µM) in both EPL (black trace) and GL (blue trace). (E) Averaged amplitudes (left bars) and area (right bars) of DA-induced calcium responses in EPL and GL (error bars: SEM). Sample size as specified in the bars: cells/slices/animals. n.s.: not significant. (F) Calcium response of an astrocyte monitored during a 10-min application of DA (100 µM). (G) Calcium responses induced by application of dopamine at different concentrations. (H) Dose-response curve of dopamine-induced astroglial calcium responses (area), normalized to application of 100 µM DA (+/−SEM). (I) Percentage of astrocytes responding to dopamine application.