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. 2020 Jan 20;10:680. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-57513-w

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© The Author(s) 2020, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Further analysis of the tensors whose task-dependent modulations show discontinuous changes between walking and running. CP decomposition with non-negativity constraints was applied to the EMG data for each subject. We chose R to be the minimum number of modules and components that explained more than 80% of the variance in the original data. Then, we identified the tensors whose task-dependent modulations show the most and second-most substantial discontinuous changes between walking and running. The tensor that shows more significant task-dependent modulation for walking than for running is presented in black, and the tensor that shows more substantial task-dependent modulation for running than for walking is presented in green. (a) Spatial modules for each subject. Each dot indicates the recruitment pattern for one spatial module and one subject. Each bar shows the average value of the recruitment pattern across all subjects. Single asterisks and double asterisks associated with certain muscles indicate significant differences in the recruitment patterns between the two tensors, with p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively. The abbreviations of the muscle names are summarized in Table 2. (b) Temporal modules for each subject. (c) Task-dependent modulations for each subject.