Table 3.
Pre- to postchanges in outcome measures of participants and between-group differences.
| Outcome Measure | N | Pre, mean (SD) | Post, mean (SD) | Mean change | Change (%) | Within-group change, P value | Within-group change, Cohen d | Between-group difference, P value | |||||||||
| Mental health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.77 | |||||||||
|
|
Gr 1 standard—Emails | 103 | 65.2 (16.4) | 74.8 (15.2) | 9.6 | 14.7 | <.001 | 0.72 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 2 Standard plus pSMSa | 114 | 67.3 (16.7) | 76.1 (13.3) | 8.8 | 13.1 | <.001 | 0.69 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 3 Standard plus VCSb | 103 | 66.0 (15.3) | 74.2 (14.9) | 8.2 | 12.4 | <.001 | 0.61 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Combined | 320 | 66.2 (16.1) | 75.1 (14.4) | 8.9 | 13.4 | <.001 | 0.67 |
|
||||||||
| Vitality |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.65 | |||||||||
|
|
Gr 1 Standard—Emails | 103 | 58.7 (16.8) | 69.6 (15.8) | 10.9 | 18.6 | <.001 | 0.78 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 2 Standard plus pSMS | 114 | 61.8 (16.5) | 71.9 (13.7) | 10.1 | 16.3 | <.001 | 0.81 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 3 Standard plus VCS | 103 | 60.1 (16.1) | 69.2 (15.4) | 9.1 | 15.1 | <.001 | 0.63 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Combined | 320 | 60.3 (16.5) | 70.3 (15.0) | 10.0 | 16.6 | <.001 | 0.74 |
|
||||||||
| Depression |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.93 | |||||||||
|
|
Gr 1 Standard—Emails | 103 | 3.5 (3.4) | 2.2 (2.6) | −1.3 | −37.1 | <.001 | 0.44 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 2 Standard plus pSMS | 114 | 3.5 (3.5) | 2.1 (2.7) | −1.4 | −40.0 | <.001 | 0.51 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 3 Standard plus VCS | 103 | 3.6 (3.3) | 2.2 (2.7) | −1.4 | −38.9 | <.001 | 0.50 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Combined | 320 | 3.5 (3.4) | 2.2 (2.7) | −1.3 | −37.1 | <.001 | 0.48 |
|
||||||||
| Anxiety |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.25 | |||||||||
|
|
Gr 1 Standard—Emails | 103 | 2.7 (2.6) | 1.5 (1.8) | −1.2 | −44.4 | <.001 | 0.52 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 2 Standard plus pSMS | 114 | 2.1 (2.1) | 1.4 (1.8) | −0.7 | −33.3 | <.001 | 0.35 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 3 Standard plus VCS | 103 | 2.2 (2.5) | 1.3 (1.6) | −0.9 | −40.9 | <.001 | 0.43 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Combined | 320 | 2.3 (2.4) | 1.4 (1.7) | −0.9 | −39.1 | <.001 | 0.43 |
|
||||||||
| Stress |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.57 | |||||||||
|
|
Gr 1 Standard—Emails | 103 | 5.8 (3.5) | 4.3 (3.1) | −1.5 | −25.9 | <.001 | 0.46 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 2 Standard plus pSMS | 114 | 5.5 (3.4) | 4.1 (3.0) | −1.4 | −25.5 | <.001 | 0.47 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 3 Standard plus VCS | 103 | 6.0 (3.2) | 4.2 (3.0) | −1.8 | −30.0 | <.001 | 0.60 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Combined | 320 | 5.7 (3.4) | 4.2 (3.0) | −1.5 | −26.3 | <.001 | 0.51 |
|
||||||||
| Satisfaction With Life |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.65 | |||||||||
|
|
Gr 1 Standard – Emails | 103 | 23.2 (6.8) | 25.6 (6.3) | 2.4 | 10.3 | <.001 | 0.50 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 2 Standard plus pSMS | 114 | 23.1 (7.2) | 26.0 (6.6) | 2.9 | 12.6 | <.001 | 0.64 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 3 Standard plus VCS | 103 | 22.9 (6.9) | 25.5 (6.5) | 2.6 | 11.4 | <.001 | 0.57 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Combined | 320 | 23.1 (6.9) | 25.7 (6.5) | 2.6 | 11.3 | <.001 | 0.58 |
|
||||||||
| Flourishing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.99 | |||||||||
|
|
Gr 1 Standard—Emails | 103 | 45.2 (6.7) | 48.1 (5.0) | 2.9 | 6.4 | <.001 | 0.61 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 2 Standard plus pSMS | 114 | 45.1 (7.0) | 48.1 (6.1) | 3.0 | 6.7 | <.001 | 0.65 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Gr 3 Standard plus VCS | 103 | 44.8 (6.2) | 47.8 (5.9) | 3.0 | 6.7 | <.001 | 0.64 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Combined | 320 | 45.0 (6.6) | 48.0 (5.7) | 3.0 | 6.7 | <.001 | 0.64 |
|
||||||||
apSMS: personalized SMS.
bVCS: videoconferencing support.