Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 3,257 post-MI patients from the Alpha Omega Cohort by quintiles of dietary and plasma LA
| Quintiles of dietary LA (% energy) | Quintiles of plasma LA (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 651) | Q3 (n = 651) | Q5 (n = 651) | Q1 (n = 652) | Q3 (n = 651) | Q5 (n = 651) | |
| Median (range) | 3.5 (1.2–4.1) | 5.6 (5.1–6.2) | 8.8 (7.6–13.9) | 43.9 (28.5–46.1) | 50.1 (48.9–51.4) | 56.3 (54.3–67.6) |
| Age, years | 69.4 ± 5.7 | 68.8 ± 5.5 | 68.6 ± 5.4 | 68.2 ± 5.7 | 68.7 ± 5.4 | 69.8 ± 5.5 |
| Men | 471 (72.4) | 536 (82.3) | 569 (87.4) | 504 (77.3) | 511 (78.5) | 553 (85.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.6 ± 3.7 | 27.4 ± 3.5 | 27.1 ± 3.2 | 27.6 ± 3.8 | 27.4 ± 3.2 | 26.7 ± 3.3 |
| Time since MI, years | 3.6 (1.5–6.3) | 3.6 (1.7–6.1) | 3.1 (1.4–6.3) | 3.1 (1.4–5.9) | 3.4 (1.5–6.2) | 4.0 (1.8–6.6) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 136 (20.9) | 102 (15.7) | 86 (13.2) | 92 (14.1) | 109 (16.7) | 112 (17.2) |
| Former | 414 (63.6) | 452 (69.4) | 432 (66.4) | 417 (64.0) | 440 (67.6) | 435 (66.9) |
| Current | 101 (15.5) | 97 (14.9) | 133 (20.4) | 143 (21.9) | 102 (15.7) | 103 (15.8) |
| Physical activity* | ||||||
| Low | 260 (40.2) | 256 (39.4) | 259 (40.0) | 257 (39.5) | 263 (40.4) | 269 (41.3) |
| Middle | 228 (35.3) | 247 (38.0) | 262 (40.5) | 266 (40.9) | 250 (38.4) | 243 (37.3) |
| High | 158 (24.5) | 147 (22.6) | 126 (19.5) | 127 (19.5) | 138 (21.2) | 139 (21.4) |
| Highest level of education | ||||||
| Primary | 124 (19.2) | 133 (20.5) | 128 (19.8) | 120 (18.5) | 125 (19.2) | 137 (21.1) |
| Lower secondary | 233 (36.0) | 228 (35.1) | 268 (41.4) | 223 (34.4) | 249 (38.2) | 229 (35.2) |
| Higher secondary or lower tertiary | 209 (32.3) | 203 (31.2) | 189 (29.2) | 208 (32.0) | 202 (31.0) | 203 (31.2) |
| Higher tertiary | 81 (12.5) | 86 (13.2) | 62 (9.6) | 98 (15.1) | 75 (11.5) | 81 (12.5) |
| Alcohol intake* | ||||||
| No | 32 (4.9) | 18 (2.8) | 35 (5.4) | 27 (4.1) | 17 (2.6) | 36 (5.5) |
| Low | 337 (51.8) | 344 (52.8) | 306 (47.0) | 262 (40.2) | 347 (53.3) | 378 (58.1) |
| Moderate | 172 (26.4) | 179 (27.5) | 202 (31.0) | 170 (26.1) | 182 (28.0) | 183 (28.1) |
| High | 110 (16.9) | 110 (16.9) | 108 (16.6) | 193 (29.6) | 105 (16.1) | 54 (8.3) |
| Medication use | ||||||
| Statins | 560 (86.0) | 564 (86.6) | 563 (86.5) | 602 (92.3) | 587 (90.2) | 464 (71.3) |
| Antithrombotic drugs | 633 (97.2) | 640 (98.3) | 641 (98.5) | 637 (97.7) | 631 (96.9) | 637 (97.8) |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 581 (89.2) | 580 (89.1) | 590 (90.6) | 586 (89.9) | 576 (88.5) | 572 (87.9) |
| Serum lipids, mmol/L†‡§ | ||||||
| Total cholesterol | 4.81 ± 0.95 | 4.73 ± 0.93 | 4.70 ± 0.98 | 4.71 ± 0.98 | 4.66 ± 0.88 | 4.83 ± 0.95 |
| LDL cholesterol | 2.67 ± 0.81 | 2.60 ± 0.76 | 2.59 ± 0.85 | 2.49 ± 0.81 | 2.54 ± 0.75 | 2.80 ± 0.84 |
| HDL cholesterol | 1.34 ± 0.36 | 1.30 ± 0.32 | 1.30 ± 0.35 | 1.32 ± 0.37 | 1.31 ± 0.35 | 1.29 ± 0.33 |
| Triacylglycerols | 1.58 (1.18–2.11) | 1.58 (1.18–2.21) | 1.59 (1.16–2.19) | 1.76 (1.28–2.48) | 1.56 (1.17–2.17) | 1.46 (1.11–1.97) |
| Plasma glucose, mmol/L‡§ | 5.40 (4.96–5.98) | 5.44 (4.96–6.10) | 5.38 (4.90–6.00) | 5.57 (5.04–6.28) | 5.45 (5.00–6.00) | 5.33 (4.90–5.84) |
| Prediabetes* | 39 (6.1) | 39 (6.1) | 36 (5.6) | 53 (8.2) | 34 (5.3) | 36 (5.6) |
| Family history of type 2 diabetes | 104 (16.0) | 104 (16.0) | 104 (16.0) | 108 (16.6) | 101 (15.5) | 108 (16.6) |
| Dietary factors | ||||||
| Energy, kcal/day | 1,750 ± 485 | 1,856 ± 502 | 1,938 ± 502 | 1,775 ± 501 | 1,858 ± 516 | 1,938 ± 490 |
| Protein, % energy | 16.4 ± 3.0 | 15.6 ± 2.7 | 14.6 ± 2.5 | 15.8 ± 2.8 | 15.5 ± 3.0 | 15.2 ± 2.6 |
| Total fat, % energy | 31.5 ± 5.9 | 32.6 ± 4.6 | 38.6 ± 4.9 | 35.0 ± 6.2 | 35.0 ± 5.9 | 36.0 ± 6.2 |
| SFA, % energy | 12.7 ± 3.3 | 13.1 ± 2.8 | 13.5 ± 3.2 | 13.2 ± 3.2 | 12.9 ± 2.9 | 13.0 ± 3.0 |
| cis-MUFA, % energy | 8.4 ± 2.0 | 9.9 ± 1.9 | 11.4 ± 1.8 | 10.1 ± 2.4 | 9.9 ± 2.1 | 9.9 ± 2.2 |
| PUFA, % energy | 5.6 ± 1.9 | 7.1 ± 0.9 | 10.8 ± 1.6 | 7.1 ± 2.2 | 7.6 ± 2.2 | 8.2 ± 2.3 |
| TFA, % energy | 0.73 ± 0.22 | 0.76 ± 0.18 | 0.78 ± 0.16 | 0.76 ± 0.20 | 0.75 ± 0.18 | 0.75 ± 0.18 |
| Carbohydrates, % energy | 52.1 ± 6.2 | 49.7 ± 5.6 | 44.6 ± 5.4 | 49.2 ± 6.4 | 49.4 ± 6.1 | 48.8 ± 6.4 |
| Fiber, g/day | 21.3 ± 7.0 | 21.7 ± 6.7 | 21.1 ± 6.2 | 20.4 ± 6.7 | 21.6 ± 6.6 | 23.2 ± 6.9 |
| Cholesterol, mg/day | 181 ± 68 | 189 ± 70 | 181 ± 68 | 187 ± 72 | 185 ± 66 | 183 ± 68 |
| Healthy nutrient and food score | 22.1 ± 6.2 | 22.7 ± 6.1 | 22.6 ± 6.1 | 21.6 ± 6.3 | 22.6 ± 5.9 | 23.6 ± 5.8 |
| Plasma FA composition | ||||||
| SFA, % total FA | 13.2 ± 1.2 | 13.1 ± 1.0 | 12.9 ± 1.0 | 14.1 ± 1.1 | 13.1 ± 0.7 | 12.1 ± 0.7 |
| MUFA, % total FA | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 22.4 ± 3.1 | 21.6 ± 3.1 | 26.3 ± 3.0 | 22.2 ± 1.7 | 19.1 ± 1.8 |
| PUFA, % total FA | 62.4 ± 4.0 | 63.1 ± 3.9 | 64.1 ± 3.7 | 58.0 ± 3.3 | 63.4 ± 1.8 | 67.6 ± 2.1 |
| n-3 PUFA, % total FA | 2.4 (2.0–3.2) | 2.4 (2.0–3.0) | 2.3 (1.9–2.8) | 2.8 (2.2–3.6) | 2.4 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.6–2.4) |
| n-6 PUFA, % total FA | 59.5 ± 4.3 | 60.3 ± 4.2 | 61.5 ± 4.1 | 54.7 ± 3.4 | 60.6 ± 1.9 | 65.4 ± 2.2 |
| Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), % total FA | 8.2 ± 2.0 | 8.3 ± 2.1 | 8.4 ± 2.1 | 9.4 ± 2.2 | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 6.9 ± 1.5 |
| Palmitic acid (16:0), % total FA | 11.4 ± 0.8 | 11.3 ± 0.8 | 11.2 ± 0.8 | 12.1 ± 0.8 | 11.3 ± 0.6 | 10.5 ± 0.6 |
| Palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), % total FA | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.6 |
| Oleic acid (18:1n-9), % total FA | 18.0 ± 2.2 | 17.8 ± 2.2 | 17.3 ± 2.2 | 20.3 ± 2.0 | 17.7 ± 1.4 | 15.6 ± 1.5 |
| Liver fat proxy (16:0/18:2n-6) | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 |
| Estimated D6D activity (18:3n-6/18:2n-6) | 0.021 ± 0.008 | 0.020 ± 0.008 | 0.020 ± 0.008 | 0.029 ± 0.009 | 0.020 ± 0.006 | 0.013 ± 0.004 |
Values are shown as mean ± SD, median (IQR), or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. % energy, percentage of total energy intake, excluding energy from alcohol.
*
Classification described in text (research design and methods).
†
To convert to mg/dL, divide by 0.02586 for total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and by 0.01129 for triacylglycerols.
‡
Fasting <4 h (n = 1,676), fasting 4 to <8 h (n = 314), fasting 8 to <12 h (n = 100), fasting ≥12 h (n = 1,035), fasting status unknown (n = 132).
§
Missing values for 61 patients for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerols, 253 patients for LDL cholesterol, 31 patients for plasma glucose, and 1 patient for healthy nutrient and food score.