Table 1.
Prevalence of childhood stunting by selected variables, Rwanda DHS 2000–2015
| Year 2000 | Year 2005 | Year 2010 | Year 2015 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | 95%CI | N | P-value | % | 95%CI | N | P-value | % | 95%CI | N | P-value | % | 95%CI | N | P-value | |
| Overall | 47.4 | [45.7,49.1] | 6287 | 51.9 | [50.0,53.9] | 3765 | 44.0 | [42.1,45.9] | 4076 | 38.3 | [36.4,40.2] | 3538 | ||||
| Child age (in months) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0–11 | 22.8 | [20.5,25.4] | 1592 | 0.000 | 26.2 | [23.1,29.5] | 847 | 0.000 | 20.5 | [17.7,23.6] | 777 | 0.000 | 18.2 | [15.3,21.5] | 760 | 0.000 |
| 5–23 | 51.1 | [48.0,54.2] | 1233 | 57.7 | [54.0,61.3] | 786 | 49.8 | [46.0,53.6] | 786 | 47.9 | [44.3,51.5] | 731 | ||||
| 24–35 | 58.9 | [55.4,62.3] | 1106 | 61.9 | [58.1,65.5] | 848 | 51.3 | [47.8,54.9] | 874 | 45.1 | [41.5,48.7] | 742 | ||||
| 36–47 | 56.7 | [53.2,60.1] | 1142 | 59.6 | [55.6,63.4] | 637 | 50.9 | [47.5,54.3] | 823 | 43.5 | [39.7,47.4] | 743 | ||||
| 48–59 | 56.7 | [53.7,59.8] | 1214 | 57.7 | [53.4,61.8] | 647 | 45.9 | [42.3,49.6] | 816 | 37.0 | [33.0,41.3] | 562 | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Girls | 44.9 | [42.9,47.0] | 3140 | 0.000 | 50.4 | [47.9,52.9] | 1912 | 0.094 | 40.7 | [38.2,43.2] | 2023 | 0.000 | 33.9 | [31.5,36.5] | 1732 | 0.000 |
| Boys | 49.8 | [47.6,52.0] | 3147 | 53.5 | [50.8,56.3] | 1853 | 47.3 | [44.9,49.6] | 2053 | 42.5 | [40.0,45.1] | 1806 | ||||
| Birth weight | ||||||||||||||||
| ≥ 2.5 kg | 37.2 | [34.3,40.1] | 1845 | 0.014 | 42.8 | [39.3,46.2] | 1146 | 0.007 | 39.8 | [37.6,42.0] | 2666 | 0.000 | 36.4 | [34.5,38.3] | 3119 | 0.000 |
| < 2.5 kg (low) | 50.0 | [40.0,60.0] | 136 | 63.3 | [48.6,75.9] | 52 | 59.3 | [51.0,67.1] | 149 | 55.7 | [47.8,63.3] | 172 | ||||
| Maternal Age | ||||||||||||||||
| < 25 | 44.0 | [40.7,47.2] | 1248 | 0.006 | 48.4 | [44.3,52.6] | 674 | 0.201 | 39.7 | [35.9,43.7] | 729 | 0.002 | 34.9 | [31.2,38.9] | 666 | 0.338 |
| 25–34 | 46.6 | [44.2,49.0] | 3114 | 52.4 | [49.8,55.1] | 1950 | 43.0 | [40.6,45.4] | 2198 | 38.8 | [36.4,41.3] | 2000 | ||||
| 35–39 | 48.6 | [44.9,52.4] | 1069 | 54.6 | [50.1,58.9] | 597 | 47.6 | [43.2,52.0] | 653 | 39.7 | [34.8,44.8] | 549 | ||||
| 40–49 | 53.2 | [49.4,57.0] | 856 | 51.8 | [47.5,56.0] | 544 | 50.0 | [45.2,54.9] | 496 | 39.8 | [34.2,45.6] | 323 | ||||
| Maternal education | ||||||||||||||||
| No education | 52.5 | [50.0,55.0] | 1978 | 0.000 | 56.3 | [52.7,59.8] | 1008 | 0.000 | 50.7 | [46.9,54.4] | 772 | 0.000 | 47.4 | [42.7,52.0] | 496 | 0.000 |
| Primary | 47.5 | [45.4,49.5] | 3481 | 51.7 | [49.4,54.0] | 2400 | 44.7 | [42.5,46.8] | 2924 | 39.6 | [37.5,41.8] | 2546 | ||||
| Secondary+ | 31.0 | [27.3,35.1] | 828 | 39.7 | [33.4,46.5] | 357 | 23.1 | [18.6,28.4] | 380 | 20.7 | [16.9,25.2] | 496 | ||||
| Maternal smoking history | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 46.9 | [45.2,48.6] | 5967 | 0.004 | 51.6 | [49.6,53.6] | 3647 | 0.036 | 43.7 | [41.8,45.6] | 4027 | 0.001 | 38.0 | [36.2, 40.0] | 3494 | 0.000 |
| Yes | 55.2 | [50.0,60.3] | 320 | 62.4 | [52.5,71.4] | 118 | 68.4 | [53.3,80.5] | 49 | 58.2 | [42.4,72.5] | 44 | ||||
| Residence | ||||||||||||||||
| Urban | 33.5 | [29.5,37.9] | 1403 | 0.000 | 38.3 | [34.1,42.8] | 744 | 0.000 | 27.1 | [22.3,32.5] | 546 | 0.000 | 25.9 | [21.9,30.3] | 768 | 0.000 |
| Rural | 49.8 | [48.1,51.6] | 4884 | 54.1 | [52.0,56.2] | 3021 | 46.2 | [44.2,48.2] | 3530 | 40.8 | [38.7,42.9] | 2770 | ||||
| Birth order and preceding birth interval | ||||||||||||||||
| First | 46.3 | [43.0,49.5] | 1221 | 0.036 | 50.2 | [45.8,54.5] | 630 | 0.007 | 36.4 | [33.1,39.8] | 1000 | 0.000 | 34.9 | [31.8,38.1] | 978 | 0.014 |
| 2–3 and < 24 months | 48.7 | [44.6,52.9] | 706 | 54.7 | [48.9,60.3] | 374 | 42.8 | [37.8,48.0] | 415 | 40.0 | [33.7,46.6] | 262 | ||||
| 2–3 and > 24 months | 43.7 | [40.7,46.7] | 1456 | 51.2 | [47.5,54.8] | 873 | 45.9 | [42.8,49.1] | 962 | 36.9 | [33.9,40.0] | 1174 | ||||
| 4+ and < 24 months | 48.6 | [44.4,52.9] | 634 | 60.3 | [54.9,65.4] | 451 | 51.6 | [45.8,57.4] | 324 | 45.8 | [36.8,55.0] | 154 | ||||
| 4+ and > 24 months | 49.4 | [47.0,51.8] | 2270 | 50.0 | [47.2,52.7] | 1437 | 46.7 | [43.8,49.6] | 1375 | 41.7 | [38.4,45.0] | 970 | ||||
| Wealth index | ||||||||||||||||
| Highest | 29.3 | [26.2,32.5] | 1252 | 0.000 | 36.6 | [32.4,40.9] | 719 | 0.000 | 25.5 | [22.0,29.3] | 708 | 0.000 | 21.6 | [17.9,25.9] | 672 | 0.000 |
| Fourth | 48.7 | [45.3,52.0] | 1218 | 51.4 | [47.1,55.7] | 791 | 39.5 | [35.9,43.2] | 776 | 29.9 | [26.1,34.0] | 597 | ||||
| Middle | 49.9 | [46.6,53.1] | 943 | 52.1 | [48.3,55.8] | 752 | 45.7 | [41.6,49.9] | 809 | 38.4 | [34.4,42.5] | 660 | ||||
| Second | 51.1 | [47.7,54.4] | 1093 | 55.3 | [51.3,59.3] | 765 | 50.6 | [47.0,54.2] | 890 | 46.0 | [42.4,49.8] | 744 | ||||
| Lowest | 51.4 | [48.6,54.1] | 1781 | 61.1 | [57.4,64.8] | 738 | 53.2 | [49.4,57.0] | 893 | 48.3 | [45.0,51.8] | 865 | ||||