Table 2.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for factors associated with childhood stunting, Rwanda DHS 2000–2015
| Parameters | Year 2000 | Year 2005 | Year 2010 | Year 2015 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Girl | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Boy | 1.35* | (1.01–1.86) | 1.03 | (0.77–1.38) | 1.53*** | (1.25–1.86) | 1.51*** | (1.30–1.76) |
| Child age | ||||||||
| 6–11 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 12–23 | 5.34*** | (3.46–8.24) | 4.16*** | (2.60–6.66) | 4.48*** | (3.21–6.25) | 3.48*** | (2.56–4.71) |
| 24–35 | 6.42*** | (3.92–10.5) | 3.65*** | (2.29–5.82) | 4.73*** | (3.43–6.53) | 3.53*** | (2.63–4.76) |
| 36–47 | 5.86*** | (3.29–10.4) | 3.84*** | (2.33–6.33) | 5.68*** | (4.02–8.01) | 3.15*** | (2.27–4.37) |
| 48–59 | 6.80*** | (3.58–12.9) | 2.75*** | (1.65–4.61) | 3.77*** | (2.63–5.39) | 2.35*** | (1.71–3.23) |
| Birth weight | ||||||||
| ≥2.5 kg | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| < 2.5 kg (low) | 2.57*** | (1.31–5.05) | 1.59 | (0.74–3.40) | 2.29*** | (1.42–3.70) | 1.77*** | (1.23–2.56) |
| Maternal education | ||||||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Primary | 0.61** | (0.40–0.94) | 1.00 | (0.68–1.47) | 0.89 | (0.68–1.14) | 0.84 | (0.68–1.05) |
| Secondary or Higher | 0.35*** | (0.20–0.60) | 0.78 | (0.47–1.31) | 0.42** | (0.26–0.66) | 0.48*** | (0.34–0.69) |
| Maternal smoking history | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 0.93 | (0.41–2.14) | 4.93** | (1.33–18.3) | 4.98** | (1.59–15.60) | 1.67 | (1.00–2.79) |
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Rural | 1.53 | (0.980–2.39) | 1.44* | (1.01–2.06) | 1.34 | (0.94–1.91) | 1.17 | (0.86–1.60) |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||
| Highest | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Fourth | 0.86 | (0.52–1.42) | 1.93** | (1.25–2.99) | 1.56** | (1.10–2.22) | 1.23 | (0.85–1.77) |
| Middle | 1.27 | (0.65–2.46) | 1.74* | (1.07–2.82) | 1.61** | (1.12–2.32) | 1.74*** | (1.22–2.49) |
| Second | 1.38 | (0.72–2.63) | 2.07** | (1.26–3.40) | 2.39*** | (1.66–3.44) | 2.35*** | (1.64–3.35) |
| Lowest | 1.13 | (0.61–2.09) | 1.73 | (0.98–3.10) | 2.68*** | (1.86–3.87) | 2.71*** | (1.90–3.87) |
*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Variables in models included sex, child age, birthweight, maternal education, mother’s smoking history, place of residence, and wealth quintile. Low birth weight for children was defined as less than 2.5 kg.