Table 1.
Univariate analysis of baseline characteristics by smartphone ownership among individuals receiving treatment for tuberculosis in San Diego, San Francisco, and New York City, 2015-2016a
| Owns a smartphone? | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Total | No | Yes | Odds Ratio (95% CI)b | p-valuec |
| Study Site, n (%) | 0.479 | ||||
| San Diego | 54 (35.8%) | 14 (30.4%) | 40 (38.1%) | 1.0 | |
| San Francisco | 49 (32.5%) | 18 (39.1%) | 31 (29.5%) | 1.66 (0.72, 3.85) | |
| New York City | 48 (31.8%) | 14 (30.4%) | 34 (32.4%) | 1.18 (0.49, 2.81) | |
| Age (yrs), mean (SD) | 40.7 (16.0) | 52.3 (16.7) | 35.6 (12.8) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | 0.081 | ||||
| Female | 62 (41.1%) | 14 (30.4%) | 48 (45.7%) | 1.0 | |
| Male | 89 (58.9%) | 32 (69.6%) | 57 (54.3%) | 1.93 (0.92, 4.02) | |
| Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| > High school | 62 (41.6%) | 9 (19.6%) | 53 (51.5%) | 1.0 | |
| High school or less | 87 (58.4%) | 37 (80.4%) | 50 (48.5%) | 4.35 (1.92, 10.0) | |
| Country of Birth, n (%) | 0.780 | ||||
| United States | 35 (23.2%) | 11 (23.9%) | 24 (22.9%) | 1.0 | |
| Mexico | 19 (12.6%) | 7 (15.2%) | 12 (11.4%) | 1.27 (0.39, 4.12) | |
| Other | 97 (64.2%) | 28 (60.9%) | 69 (65.7%) | 0.89 (0.38, 2.05) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.388 | ||||
| African American/Black | 20 (13.2%) | 6 (13.0%) | 14 (13.3%) | 1.0 | |
| Caucasian/White | 10 (6.6%) | 3 (6.5%) | 7 (6.7%) | 1.0 (0.19, 5.24) | |
| Latino | 45 (29.8%) | 13 (28.3%) | 32 (30.5%) | 0.95 (0.30, 3.00) | |
| Asian | 68 (45.0%) | 19 (41.3%) | 49 (46.7%) | 0.91 (0.30, 2.70) | |
| Otherd | 8 (5.3%) | 5 (10.9%) | 3 (2.9%) | 3.89 (0.70, 21.7 | |
| Annual income, n (%) | 0.021 | ||||
| > =$10,000 | 71 (50.4%) | 16 (36.4%) | 55 (56.7%) | 1.0 | |
| < $10,000 | 70 (49.6%) | 28 (63.6%) | 42 (43.3%) | 2.29 (1.10, 4.77) | |
| Has health insurance, n (%) | 0.276 | ||||
| No | 31 (20.7%) | 12 (26.1%) | 19 (18.3%) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 119 (79.3%) | 34 (73.9%) | 85 (81.7%) | 0.63 (0.28, 1.45) | |
| Where did participant live at time of study?, n (%) | 0.365 | ||||
| Own home or apartment | 94 (62.3%) | 25 (54.3%) | 69 (65.7%) | 1.0 | |
| Other person’s home or apartment | 50 (33.1%) | 19 (41.3%) | 31 (29.5%) | 1.69 (0.81, 3.52) | |
| Othere | 7 (4.6%) | 2 (4.3%) | 5 (4.8%) | 1.10 (0.20, 6.06) | |
| Hours worked per week, mean (SD) | 23.3 (20.6) | 16.8 (19.3) | 25.9 (20.7) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.996) | 0.030 |
| TB risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Ever a cigarette smoker | 0.357 | ||||
| No | 84 (55.6%) | 23 (50.0%) | 61 (58.1%) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 67 (44.4%) | 23 (50.0%) | 44 (41.9%) | 1.39 (0.69, 2.78) | |
| Smoked marijuana in past 6 months | 0.379 | ||||
| No | 139 (92.1%) | 41 (89.1%) | 98 (93.1%) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 12 (7.9%) | 5 (10.9%) | 7 (6.7%) | 1.70 (0.51, 5.74) | |
| Ever injected drugs | 0.546 | ||||
| No | 149 (98.7%) | 45 (97.8%) | 104 (99.0%) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 2 (1.3%) | 1 (2.2%) | 1 (1.0%) | 2.31 (0.14, 37.77) | |
| Ever incarcerated | 0.659 | ||||
| No | 140 (92.7%) | 42 (91.3%) | 98 (93.3%) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 11 (7.3%) | 4 (8.7%) | 7 (6.7%) | 1.33 (0.37, 4.80) | |
| Used alcohol < 1 time per month in the past 6 months | 0.458 | ||||
| No | 108 (72.0%) | 35 (76.1%) | 73 (70.2%) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 42 (28.0%) | 11 (23.9%) | 31 (29.8%) | 0.74 (0.33, 1.64) | |
aAbbreviations: VDOT, video directly observed therapy; DOT, directly observed therapy; TB, tuberculosis.
bOdds ratios and confidence intervals were computed using simple logistic regression analysis.
cP-values are based on Chi-square tests, Fisher’s Exact test, or Wilcoxon test and examine overall significance of differences between smartphone ownership within the groups.
dOther includes: Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Alaskan Native, American Indian, or Mixed.
eOther includes: Hotel or rooming house, shelter, welfare, boarding home